POPULAR FLORA. 
199 
•»- Leaves or some of them a little lobed, broader upwards. 
10. Water Oak. Leaves smooth and shining, spatulate or wedge-obovate, with a tapering base; 
cup very short; acorn globular. Swamps, S. Q ■ aqudtica. 
11. Black-Jack Oak. Leaves thick and large, broadly wedge-shaped, and with 3 or 5 obscure 
lobes at the summit, shining above, rusty-downy beneath, the lobes or teeth bristle-pointed. 
Small tree, in barrens. Q. nigra. 
h- -t- 4- Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, long-stalked, the lobes or teeth bristle-pointed. 
1?. Bear or Scrub Oak. Leaves wedge-obovate, slightly about 5-lobed, whitish-downy beneath. 
A crooked shrub, 3° to 8° high; in barrens and rocky woods. Q. ilitifolia. 
13. Spanish Oak. Leaves grayish-downy beneath, narrow above, and with 3 to 5 irregular and nar- 
row often curved lobes ; acorn very short. Dry soil, S. & E. A fine tree. Q.falcdta. 
14. Quercitron Oak. Leaves rusty-downy when young, becoming nearly smooth when old, oblong- 
obovate, sinuate-pinnatifid; cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly; acorn globular or depressed. Large 
tree; the inner bark thick and yellow, used for dyeing. Q. tinctoria. 
15. Scarlet Oak. Very like the last, but the oval or oblong leaves smooth and shining, deeply pin- 
natifid (turning deep scarlet in autumn), the lobes cut-toothed ; acorn rather longer than wide- 
Large tree, common in rich woods. Q. coccinea . 
16. Red Oak. Leaves smooth, pale beneath, oblong or rather obovate, with 4 to 6 short lobes on 
each side; acorn oblong-oval, 1' long, with a short saucer-shaped cup of fine scales. Common 
tree in rocky woods, & c. Q. rubra- 
17. Pin or Swamp Spanish Oak. Leaves smooth and bright green on both sides, deeply pin- 
natifid, oblong ; the lobes diverging, cut and toothed, acute; acorn globular, only p long. Low 
grounds, N. Q. jmlustris. 
86. BIRCH FAMILY. Order BETULACEiE. 
Monoecious trees, with simple serrate leaves, and both kinds of flowers in scaly catkins 
(Fig. 146), two or three blossoms under each scale. Sterile flowers each with 4 stamens 
and a small calyx : fertile flowers with a 2 celled ovary bearing 2 long stigmas, and in fruit 
becoming a scale-like akene or small key. Only two genera : — 
Sterile flowers with a calyx of one scale: fertile flowers 3 under each 3-lnbed bract; each 
consisting of a naked ovary, in fruit becoming a broad- winged little key. Bark and 
twigs aromatic, ( Betula) Birch. 
Sterile flowers generally with a 4-parted calyx: fertile catkins short and thick, with hard 
scales, not falling off: fruit generally wingless, ( Alnus ) Alder. 
Birch. Betula. 
1. White Birch. A small and slender tree, with white outer bark; leaves triangular, very taper- 
pointed, on long and slender stalks. Common E. B. alba. 
2. Paper B. A large tree, with white outer bark, peeling off in papery layers, and ovate or heart- 
shaped leaves. Common N. B. papyracea. 
3. River B. Tree, with ovate and angled acutish leaves, on short stalks, a brownish close bark, 
and short woolly fertile catkins. Common S. & W. B. nigra. 
