Mem. Nat. Mus. Vict., X, 1936. 
THE FRESHWATER AND LAND CRAYFISHES 
OF AUSTRALIA. 
By Ellen Clark. 
(Plates I-XI.) 
Freshwater and land crayfishes of the families Parastacidae 
and Austroastacidac are found throughout Australia and Tas- 
mania. Eight genera, comprising thirty-two species, are now 
recorded, and there can be little doubt that many others will 
be found. Previous to this investigation the only systematic 
collecting was that of Messrs. S. W. Fulton, W. Kershaw and 
J. A. Kershaw, between 1870 and 1910. During the past two 
years collecting in Victoria and Tasmania has resulted in the 
discovery of seven new species. 
With six exceptions, all the mainland species have been 
found in Victoria, the smallest of the States, where most 
attention has been paid to collecting, while only three species 
of one genus ( Cherax ) are known from the vast territory of 
Western Australia, probably due to lack of field work. Even 
in the arid districts of Central Australia Parastacidae are 
abundant, if one may judge from the material collected by the 
late Sir Baldwin Spencer during his expeditions in those 
regions. Parastacidae are known to exist in the Kimberley 
district, Western Australia, but so far no specimens have 
been received for examination. 
Between fifteen hundred and sixteen hundred specimens 
have been examined. The majority are from Victoria and the 
eastern portion of South Australia; a large collection from 
the latter State was received on loan from the authorities of 
the South Australian Museum. Most species are represented 
by a series ranging from between twenty and sixty specimens, 
and in some instances hundreds of examples of the one species 
have been examined. In only one case two specimens have 
been available, and with the exception of seven species the 
types or paratypes of each species have been examined. 
Until systematic collecting extends over the whole conti- 
nent the distribution of the family will remain unknown, but 
distribution as far as at present known, is indicated by giving, 
after each specific description, a list of localities from which 
that species has been collected or recorded. 
Australian species of Parastacidae are either aquatic or 
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