264 
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
This brings us to a consideration of the relationships of the Hawaiian cephalopod 
fauna with that of other regions and an inquiry as to which of the great Pacific areas 
can be brought most closely into correlation with it. In Table II (p. 263) I have 
endeavored to present in compact form •a summary of the more essential data to 
which we must look for an answer to the question. Although admittedly our knowledge 
is still little more than fragmentary, certain facts seem to be brought out with sufficient 
prominence to demand consideration. Of the 24 named species listed in the first column, 
it will be seen that 16, or about two-thirds and including all but one of the shore species, 
are unknown from any other region. Two others may be eliminated from the discus- 
sion as being practically cosmopolitan. Another (Symplectoteuihis oualaniensis) occurs 
very generally throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Of the remainder four are 
inhabitants also of the Indo-Malayan region. One species is shared with the north 
Atlantic, but this one {Alloposus mollis) appears to be of oceanic habit, so that a wide 
distribution is in a way to be anticipated. 
It is evident therefore that we must turn to the species which are peculiarly Hawaiian 
in order to gain any proper idea of the true elements which enter into the composition 
of the fauna. In one of the succeeding columns of the table I have accordingly listed 
the species which appear to be most closely allied to these, and in yet another column 
the regions where such analogues are known to occur. The parallel with the Indo- 
Malayan fauna here appears very striking and again, as in the latter region, a very respect- 
able assemblage of species possesses decided Mediterranean affinities. Indeed one genus, 
Scceurgus, is now known for the first time outside the bounds of the Mediterranean, and, 
although the species from the two sources appear to be separately nameable, they are 
nevertheless surprisingly close. Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis is another species which finds 
its nearest ally no nearer than the Mediterranean and here again the relationship is close. 
The widespread stock of Polypus macropus, which ranges in great abundance from the 
Mediterranean through the Red Sea, around southern Asia to the Malaysian Archipelago, 
and even to Japan, with practically no change in any of its characters throughout this 
entire area, also manages to reach the Hawaiian Islands, for it seems obvious that P. 
ornatus, though very distinct in itself, must have had its primary origin as an isolated 
outpost of this group. Of distinctly Indo-Malayan affinities, but not Mediterranean, are 
Euprymna scolopes, Polypus marmoratus, Abralia astrosticta (apparently near to A. stein- 
daahneri of the Red Sea), and perhaps Mastigoteuthis{?) famelica. Polypus marmoratus 
appears to be allied to the common P. bimaculatus of southern and Lower California, 
but aside from this somewhat anomalous example the fauna has little in common with 
that of western America.® 
With the J apanese fauna likewise, outside of the invading Indo-Malayan element shared 
by both, the Hawaiian cephalopods exhibit no particular relationship. Ommastrephes 
hawaiiensis is doubtless to be regarded as an offshoot of the same stock which gave 
o So little is at present known regarding the teuthology of the south Pacific that the Australian region has not here been con- 
sidered as separate from the Indo-Malayan, although the reported presence of Dosidicuo gigas in those waters would tend to show 
a certain relationship with the South American fatma. 
