and the Sources Jumna and the Ganges, ^225 
passes of Joar, Darma, Nitteemana, Lamanittee, Cf uroo- 
neettee and Birjee are found practicable for the conveyance ot 
goods. * » * * 
Beside these chief passes, there arjc others of more danger 
and difficulty that pervade the snowy range in various direc- 
tions, finding outlets to the milder countries beyond. Such is 
the pass near the source of the river J’pannevie, that from 
Bhurassoo to the neighbouring districts of China ; a path also 
said to exist near Kedarnauth, &c. &c. These are all so dan- 
gerous and toilsome, that few but the wildest inhabitants of the 
most inhospitable regions choose to invade their deserts of eter- 
nal rock and snow, where no living thing is seen, and no means 
are to be obtained for long preserving life. To the westward 
of the Sutlej, the passes are perhaps more frequent, certainly 
less difficult. The pass of Cooloo through Stanpore, by Luck- 
tote to Gara and Ludhak, and that through Chumbee by 
Joocela, Mookhee, and Htoorpore, are among the best and most 
frequented. With those which may exist farther to the west- 
ward between Chambee and" Cashmire, I am unacquainted ; 
but it is well known that a comparatively easy and much fre- 
quented road is found from the Punjab to Cashmire, and 
through that valley to Ludhak, and the other states and dis- 
tricts of Thibet. I am unacquainted, even by information, 
with the actual course through the hills to Cashpiire, but it 
doubtless leads along the river Jy,thure, which arises in the hills 
bounding that valley to the n6rth-east and east.” 
On the Limit erf' Perpetual Congelation in the Himalaya 
Range, 
The Limit of Perpetual Congelation in the Himalaya 
Mountains, has been a matter of some controversy. A learn- 
ed writer in the Quarterly Review has asserted, that this height 
is below 11,000 feet above the sea, and has maintained that the 
height of the range itself will be found much inferior to that of 
the Andes. Captain Webb, from numerous heights taken 
with the barometer, has drawn a very difierent conclusion. 
“ Near the Temple of Milum, (says Mr Fraser,) elevated 
11,405 feet, there were large fields of oe or rye, and buckwheat, 
and at an elevation of about 13,000 feet, he procured some plants 
of spikenard. On the 21st of June, Captain Webb’s camp wa^^ 
