and the Sources of the Jumna and the Ganges. ^^7 
perennial and unmelting snow entirely beyond the line of vege- 
tation, where the rock was bare even of lichens.” P. 
From these and other facts which Mr Fraser details, he con- 
siders the line of perpetual congelation as between 15,000 and 
16,000 feet above Calcutta. 
Accoimt of Jumnotree^ the Source of the J umna. 
The spot which obtains the name of Juranotree is very 
little below the place where the various small streams formed on 
the mountain’s brow by the melting of many masses of snow, 
unite in one, and fail into a basin below. To this basin, how- 
ever, there is no access, for immediately above this spot the rocks 
again close over the stream, and though not so lofty as those 
below, they interpose a complete bar to further progress in the 
bed of the torrent. A mass of snow, too, had fallen from above 
at the farther extremity of this pass, under which the river 
runs. Between the two banks the' view is closed by the breast 
of the mountain, which is of vivid green, from perpetual mois- 
ture, and is furrowed by time and the torrents into numberless 
ravines, and down these ravines are seen trickling the nume- 
rous sources of this branch of the Jumna. Above this green 
bank, rugged, bare, and dark rocky cliffs arise, and the deep 
calm beds and cliffs of snow towering above all, finish the pic- 
ture. Noble rocks of varied hues and forms, crowned with 
luxuriant dark foliage, and the stream foaming from rock to 
rock, form a foreground not unworthy of it. 
At the place where it is customary to perform ablution, the 
rock on the N. E. side of the river is very steep. Between the 
laminm of this rock, which appears to be quartzose, run seve- 
ral small streams of warm water, forming together a considerable 
quantity. There are several other sources, and one in particu- 
lar, from which springs a column of very considerable size, is 
situate in the bed of the river between two large stones, and over 
it fails a stream of the river water. This water is hotter than 
that already noticed ; the hand cannot bear to be kept a mo- 
ment in it, and it emits much vapour. These warm springs 
are of great sanctity ; and the spot for bathing is at that point 
before mentioned, where one of a considerable size rises in a 
pool of the cold river water, and renders it milk warm. This 
