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The leaves are broadly oval or ovate, oblique at base, dark green and 
rough on the upper surface and covered below with soft down; they are 
from two to three inches long with about twelve pairs of veins, and 
their stalks are only about one-fifth of an inch in length. This tree 
very rarely ripens fertile seeds in England or in this country, but it 
produces suckers in great numbers and is propagated entirely by means 
of these. As this tree so rarely produces seeds few varieties are known, 
but a small-leaved Elm (var. viminalis) is believed to be a seedling of 
it. Of this little Elm there are forms on which the leaves are blotched 
with white and with yellow. 
Ulmus foliacea, or nitens. This is another English Elm which differs 
from the last in its paler bark, in its smooth or nearly smooth branch- 
lets, that is without a covering of down and in its leaves which are 
smooth and shining on the upper surface, only slightly downy below 
early in the' season and from two to three and a half inches long. 
This tree produces fertile seeds in abundance and seedlings are raised 
in European nurseries. It is widely distributed over central and south- 
ern Europe and grows also in northern Africa and eastern Asia. Sev- 
eral geographical forms are recognized; the most distinct of these are 
the Cornish and the Guernsey Elms which are trees of medium size 
with erect growing branches which form a narrow pyramidal head. 
Plants of these two forms are not always hardy in Massachusetts. 
Another form, common in Hertfordshire, is a large tree with wide- 
spreading and pendulous branches and at its best, although not so tall is 
almost as handsome as our American White Elm {U. americana). An- 
other form (var. umbraculifera) from Persia and Armenia is interesting 
from its compact globose head. This tree might perhaps be made useful 
in formal gardens. On many trees of Ulmus foliacea the branches are 
furnished with corky wings (var. suberosa), and the so-called English 
Elms with such branchlets occasionally seen in this country are usually 
of this variety. The seedling trees of this Elm which have been im- 
ported from European nurseries vary in habit, in the size of their 
leaves and in their hardiness; and the unhealthy and generally unsatis- 
factory Elm-trees which have been planted in considerable numbers in 
eastern Massachusetts during the last twenty years are in nine cases 
out of ten seedling forms of U. foliacea. 
Ulmus glabra. This is another widely distributed European Elm which 
is often called Scotch Elm or Wych Elm by English-speaking people. 
This is a tree with a trunk and branches which remain smooth for 
many years. It can always be recognized, too, by the large obtuse buds 
covered by pale brown hairs and by its dark dull green leaves abruptly 
pointed or three-lobed at the apex, oblique and unsymmetrical at the 
base, rough above, downy below, and from four to six inches long with 
stalks shorter than those of other Elm-trees. This tree does not sucker 
but produces fertile seeds in great quantities, and more abnormal seed- 
ling forms of this tree have been raised than of any other Elm. The 
well-known Camperdown Elm is a form of this tree with regularly pen- 
dulous branches which is often planted in suburban gardens to make 
natural arbors; another form (var. pendula) has horizontally spreading 
pendulous branches which form an unsymmetrical, flat-topped head. 
