35 
living here for many years. Under the most favorable conditions in 
Japan they do not become as large as our native White and Bur Oaks, 
and do not produce more valuable timber than these and several other 
American White Oaks. All foreign Oaks which can be induced to live 
here are proper inhabitants of the Arboretum where they are needed 
for study and public display, but for general planting the Oaks of other 
countries will never be used in New England in preference to the 
native species. Of all the Elm-trees of the world not one equals in 
grace and beauty the White Elm of eastern North America {Ulmus 
americana). It is a true lover of the country, however, and only shows 
its greatest beauty in the deep moist soil of a New England intervale. 
Moved to the city it soon languishes, for it resents city conditions 
of overdrained soil, smoke and bad air. One of the so-called English 
Elms is better able to thrive in cities where the American Elm fails, 
and in Boston and its suburbs the English tree has been growing 
for more than a century and has proved itself valuable. None of the 
exotic Ash-trees are really valuable here. For general planting in 
the eastern United States no Ash is as good as the American White 
Ash (Fraxinus americana) for the decoration of parks and roadsides 
and the production of timber. The European Ash {Fraxinus excelsior)^ 
which is a magnificent tree in some parts of Europe, is a miserable 
failure here, and the great Ash-tree of northeastern continental Asia 
and northern Japan (F. mandshurica) can barely be kept alive in New 
England. European Birch-trees grew well in the northern states until 
they were attacked by a borer which destroyed them by thousands. 
The slender drooping branches of Betula pendula make it an inter- 
esting and attractive object but it is not as handsome a tree as the 
native Canoe Birch {Betula papyrifera) which is the handsomest of the 
white-barked Birches and in one of its forms exceeds all other Birch- 
trees in size. Betula Maximowiczii with pinkish bark, and a native 
of northern Japan, is, however, a handsomer tree than the Canoe 
Birch. It has been growing in this country for twenty-five years, 
and although it has grown well and is perfectly hardy here it is too 
soon to speak of its permanent value. 
The pale gray bark of the trunk and branches of the American 
Beech makes it in winter the most beautiful of all Beech-trees, but 
as a planted tree it does not behave as well or grow as rapidly as the 
European Beech which, in spite of its darker colored bark, is a better 
tree for the decoration of our parks. The northern Linden {Tilia glabra 
or americana) is a noble tree in the northern forests where in deep 
moist soil it sometimes grows to the height of one hundred and thirty 
feet and makes a trunk four or five feet in diameter, but it does not 
take kindly to cultivation in a climate as warm as that of Massachu- 
setts. Planted trees grow slowly here; the leaves are usually disfigured 
by red spiders and turn brown and fall during the summer. There are 
a number of Linden-trees in the middle and southern states but little 
is yet known about them as cultivated trees, and a planter who wants 
Linden-trees had best use some of the European species. There are 
five of these, and the three species of western Europe have been so 
thoroughly tested in the United States that it is possible to say that 
