has been largely planted in parks. It often grows one hundred feet 
tall with a massive stem covered with dark deeply furrowed bark, 
spreading or ascending branches which form a comparatively narrow 
oval head, and slender branchlets thickly covered during their first year 
with down. The leaves are broadly oval or ovate, oblique at the base, 
dark green and rough on the upper surface and covered below with 
soft down; they are from two to three inches long with about twelve 
pairs of veins, and their stalks are only about one-fifth of an inch in 
length. This tree very rarely ripens fertile seeds in England or in this 
country, but it produces suckers in great numbers and is propagated 
entirely by means of these. As this tree so rarely produces seeds few 
varieties are known, but a small-leaved Elm (var. viminalis) is believed 
to be a seedling of it. Of this little Elm there are forms on which 
the leaves are blotched with white and with j'ellow. 
Ulmus foliacea, or nitens. This is another English Elm which differs 
from the last in its paler bark, in its smooth or nearly smooth branch- 
lets, that is without a covering of down and in its leaves which are 
smooth and, shining on the upper surface, only slightly downy below 
early in the season and from two to three and a half inches long. 
This tree produces fertile seeds in abundance and seedlings are raised 
in European nurseries. It is widely distributed over central and south- 
ern Europe and grows also in northern Africa and eastern Asia. Sev- 
eral geographical forms are recognized; the most distinct of these are 
the Cornish and the Guernsey Elms which are trees of medium size 
with erect growing branches which form a narrow pyramidal head. 
Plants of these two forms are not always hardy in Massachusetts. 
Another form, common in Hertfordshire, is a large tree with wide- 
spreading and pendulous branches and at its best, although not so tall, is 
almost as handsome as our American White Elm {U. americana). An- 
other form (var. umbraculifera) from Persia and Armenia is interesting 
from its compact globose head. This tree might perhaps be made use- 
ful in formal gardens. On many trees of Ulmus foliacea the branches 
are furnished with corky wings (var. suberosa), and the so-called 
English Elms with such branchlets occasionally seen in this country 
are usually of this variety. The seedling trees of this Elm which have 
been imported from European nurseries vary in habit, in the size of their 
leaves and in their hardiness; and the unhealthy and generally unsat- 
isfactory Elm-trees which have been planted in considerable numbers 
in eastern Massachusetts during the last twenty years are in nine cases 
out of ten seedling forms of U. foliacea. 
Ulmus glabra. This is another widely distributed European Elm 
which is often called Scotch Elm or Wych Elm by English-speaking 
people. This is a tree with a trunk and branches which remain smooth 
for many years. It can always be recognized, too, by the large ob- 
tuse buds covered by pale brown hairs and by its dark dull green 
leaves abruptly pointed or three-lobed at the apex, oblique and un- 
symmetrical at the base, rough above, downy below and from four to 
six inches long with stalks shorter than those of other Elm-trees. 
This tree does not sucker but produces fertile seeds in great quanti- 
ties, and more abnormal seedling forms of this tree have been raised 
