regularly round the top of the stem and reach the ground, it makes a 
natural arbor. The variety horizontalis with irregularly sp reading and 
more or less drooping branches is a handsomer tree but is less often seen 
in the United States. The Exeter Elm is a variety of this tree, var. 
stricta, with erect branches which form a narrow pyramidal head and is 
more curious than ornamental. The variety macrophylla is a form with 
exceptionally large leaves, and the variety myrtifolia has purplish leaves. 
The variety superba, which is perhaps a hybrid, is a large tree with a 
broad head of pendulous branches, and large, rather lustrous leaves, and 
is the handsomest of all the forms of the Scotch Elm. 
The second species which grows in Great Britain, Ulmus nitens, is a 
taller tree with slender hairless branches sometimes furnished with corky 
wings, longer-3talked and smaller, smooth, shining leaves without hairs ex- 
cept occasionally on the under surface of the midribs, and fruit in which 
the seed is near the upper edge of the encircling wing. This tree produces 
suckers freely. It is a widely distributed tree, extending to the Caucasus 
and Siberia. It is not often found in American collections and it is hardly 
recognized by American cultivators of trees. There are several forms 
of this tree in cultivation. Perhaps the one most often seen is the vari- 
ety in which the leaves are blotched with white, variety variegata, also 
called argenteo variegata. The Cornish Elm, with erect growing 
branches forming a narrow irregular head, is a variety of this tree. 
There is a variety with purple leaves, var. purpurea, sometimes called 
var. corylifolia purpurea; and there is an interesting form found a few 
years ago in Persia, the variety umbraculifera, with short branches 
farming a compact nearly globose head. 
The third European species, Ulmus laevis , is found only in the north- 
ern part of the continent and is the commonest Elm of Scandinavia and 
northern Russia. This is a noble tree which sometimes grows to the 
height of one hundred feet, and is hardly distinguishable in habit and 
foliage from the American Elm although quite different from our tree in 
the long stems on which the flowers and fruit hang. Like the American 
Elm, the trunk and large branches are often clothed w T ith small pendulous 
branches. This tree is probably extremely rare in American collections, 
although it might well be more often planted in the northern states. It 
is often called Ulmus pedunculata and Ulmus effusa. 
The fourth European species merged by Linnaeus in his Ulmus cam- 
pestris is a tree from central and northern Europe for which the oldest 
name is probably Ulmus foliaeea. This is a tall tree with slender branches 
often developing corky wings, small, smooth or rough leaves, and fruit 
in which the seed is near the middle of the wing or between the middle 
and the apex. This tree is not generally recognized in American collec- 
tions, but it is usually Ulmus foliaeea which comes to this country when 
seedling Elms, under the name of Ulmus campestris, are imported from 
French or German nurseries. The curious, dwarfed, small-leaved Elm 
called Ulmus viminalis is evidently a seedling variety of this species. 
The Huntington Elm, Ulmus vegeta, is now believed to be a hybrid 
between Ulmus glabra and Ulmus montana, the two species which 
grow naturally in England where the Huntington Elm originated. It is 
a large tree with a short trunk and numerous large branches spreading at 
narrow angles, and in this country it grows more rapidly than any other 
Elm tree. It should be oftener planted here. Ulmus major, which is 
supposed to be a hybrid of the same parentage as Ulmus vegeta, is an- 
other noble tree which a hundred or a hundred and fifty years ago was 
