103 
feet high: root-leaves long-petioled, palmately 3 to 7-partecl, the 
divisions mostly sharply cut and serrate, the teeth more or less 
mucronate-tippcd ; cauline leaves similar, short-petioled or sessile: 
umbels irregular, one to few-rayed, with involucre of few leaf-like 
or small bracts, and involucels of few small bractlets: flowers 
greenish-yellow, sterile ones numerous and long-pedicelled : fruit 
sessile, prickly all over, ^ to 2 lines long; the styles longer than 
the prickles: seed-face plane or slightly convex. (Fig. 104.) 
Throughout the eastern United States and Canada, and westward to 
the Rocky Mountains, Fi. May to August. 
Var. Canadensis Ton-. FI. U. S. 302. Differs only in its 
comparatively few short-pedicelled sterile flowers, and styles 
shorter than the prickles. — 6". Canadensis L. 
With the last, but extending w’estward only as far as Minnesota and 
Missouri. 
In studying all our species of SanicvAa it becomes apparent that the 
characters which have been used to separate S. Marylandica from .S. Can- 
adenais are not specific. They can always be separated, but the distinc- 
tions are only varietal. This species is very closely allied to 8. Europcea 
L., and forms from the mountains of Georgia, considered by Dr. Chapman 
as representing a new species, can scarcely be separated from it. If our 
species is to be kept separate from the European one, the differences are 
simply continental, such as slight differences in habit and fruit structure. 
* * Pacijic species : oil-tubes irregular in number and dis 
tribution. 
i* Mature fruit pedicelled : leaves 'palmately divided. 
2. S. arctopoides Hook. & Am. Bot, Beechy, 141 and 347. 
Stems very short, from thickened rootstocks, bearing a tuft of 
leaves and several (often much longer) divergent scape-like 
branches 2 to 8 inches long, each bearing an umbe7 of 1 to 3 elon- 
gated rays: leaves deeply palmately 3-lobed, the cuneate divisions 
once or twice laciniately cleft, dissected with lanceolate acute 
spreading segments: involucre of 1 or 2 similar leaf-like bracts; 
umbellets large, 3 to 6 lines in diameter, with conspicuous invol- 
ucels of 8 to 12 narrowly oblanceolate mostly entire bractlets: 
flowers yellow: fruit short pedicellate, If lines long, naked at 
base, with strong prickles above: seed-face almost plane. (Fig. 105). 
On the plains and dry hillsides in California, about San Francisco and 
