6o 
by ^Ir. Jutson, it may be useful in the present connection to recall 
that F. T. Gregory (1S(U) believed "that since Tertiary time the 
country has been both elevated and depressed, more than once per- 
haps. but bodily and equably and wiihout tilting,” that F. T. Hard- 
man ( ISSl ) states that in the ranges in the South-Western portion 
cf the Kimberley district, "the plateau-like outline is extremely 
well-marked, indicating an old plain of marine denudation subse- 
quently carved out into hills and valleys by the action of sub-aerial 
denudation": that I'rof. Ralph Tate (iSlPi) pointed out that Aus- 
tralia in Cretaceous time was a vast archipelago, and that the anti- 
quity of Australia as a whole is only post-Cretaceous; that Prof. 
\\^ Gregory ( l!l(C) held that since middle Palaeozoic times no great 
earth-folds have disturbed the structure of the Australian mass, 
and all the later movements on tlac continent appear to have been 
the vertical sinkings of ^vide earth blocks: that Prof. T. W. E. 
David in PHI refers to the vast peneplains of Western Australia as 
being raise<l lOOli to idOO feet above sea-level; and that Mr. Jutson 
himself in 11)12 describe<l the Darling pkd^u as a truly uplifted 
peneplain, and the date of the uplift as Pleistocene. It has 
been very generally recognise<b therefore, that there has been much 
up and down movement of the State as a whole, though opinions 
differ a good deal as to the extent to which the movements of 
subsidence actually resulted in submergence t)f the land beneath the 
sea. Prof. Gregory, for exam])le, appears to hold that the greater 
part of Western Australia "consists of an Archaean block or coign, 
which has never been below the level of the sea, although time 
after time the sea has washed its l)orders.” 
Since Mr. jutson's book was issued there has been a further 
paper by I'rof. Gregory, published in "dTe Geogratihical Journal” 
for June. 11)14, on "'fhe Lake System of WTstralia," in which a 
map is given showing the country divided into a number of very 
flat drainage basins, gradtiall} rising to high country over 
feet above the sea in the interior. IP's summation of the position 
is: — "The dry lakes ot Westralia aia* therefore dei)ressions in a 
river system which was ])robabIy Miocene in origin: these rivers 
have been biajken up by their inability to kee]) their channels clear 
from encroaching sand dunes during the post-Miocene desiccation, 
which may be ex])lained by a reduction of internal rainfall coinci- 
dent nith the iq)lift of the country for about H)()0 feet." Ivlse- 
where in the paper he refers to the suggestion of the present writer 
that the salt lakes might be the remains of a marine invasion, and 
regards it as possibU-. as proved by the marine limestones at Norse- 
man. but considers it improbable owing to the varying levels of the 
lakes and the absence of marine fossils north of Norseman. 'Phe 
writer is not at all im])ressed with these reasons for regarding a 
widespread marine invasion as imi)robable, as the varying levels of 
the lakes would be a perfectly natural and obvious consequence of 
the gradual emergence from the sea of a submerged i)eneplain, and 
