RELICS OF THE PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS ICE AGE. 
15 
to the character and disposition of the glacial conglomerate. 
Having dealt in brief with the history of the discovery 
of this important glacial horizon, it now becomes con- 
venient to proceed to the real object of the present address, 
which is to give some account of the results which have 
been obtained ; for this purpose it will be more convenient 
to disregard strict geographical sequence and to describe 
the Gascoyne River valley section first. [Plate I.] 
The Glacial Conglomerate in the Gascoyne 
Valley. y 
The valley of the Gascoyne River, from its mouth for 
a distance of about 130 miles, to a point a few miles below 
its junction with Dalgetty Brook, is occupied by strata of 
Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Age. These 
strata have been pierced in the pioneer bore at Pelican 
Hill, near Carnarvon, which had been earned down to a 
depth of 3,011 feet. The first 150 feet comprise rocks of 
either Newer or Post-Tertiary Age ; Middle Tertiary rocks 
(the age of which is based on evidence of specimens of 
bryozoan limestones) were passed through to a depth of 
1,238 feet; Mesozoic (and possibly Cretaceous) rocks con- 
tinued down to 1,361 feet ; whilst the last 1,650 feet pene- 
trated beds as determined by their fossils to be of Permo- 
Carboniferous Age. The latter strata are represented by 
calcareous shales and limestones, the cores of which have 
yielded specimens of Spirifera, Aviculopecten, Anthrocoptera, 
and Favosiies. The bore hole, however, did not pierce the 
vdiole thickness of the Permo-Carboniferous rocks, though 
the basal beds may be seen some 130 miles higher up the 
Gascoyne Rivei. 
Wherever these Permo-Carboniferous rocks have been 
examined in Western Australia it has been found that the 
formation can everywhere be divided into a lower 01 lime- 
stone series (in which limestones predominate), and an 
upper or sandstone series (made up largely of sandstones 
and other sedimentary beds). 
The upper or sandy series is well developed in the 
Carandibby, Kennedy and Moogooloo Ranges (Plate II, 
Fig. 1), making a more or less continuous bold escarpment 
about 200 miles in length, and which rises to a height of 
about 350 feet above the general level of the surrounding 
country. These sandy beds, some of which are highly 
ferruginous, have yielded fragments of the fossils Spirifera, 
Productus, Aihyris and Strophalosia, cross the Gascoyne 
River, near the Shipka Pass. In the valley of an important 
tributary of the Lyons River, which in the lower portion 
