RELICS OF THE PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS ICE AGE. 
San Luis, in the Argentine, similar Glossopteris-bearing 
strata have been recorded, whilst in the Falkland Islands 
a series of beds containing Permo-Carboniferous fossils have 
recently been described. The whole of the southern portion 
of East Falkland is made up of strata containing Glossopteris, 
and beneath the Glossopteris-bearing beds is a clayey rock 
containing boulders and blocks of apparently glacial origin. 
This horizon appears to correspond stratigraphically with 
the Dwyka Conglomerate of South Africa. 
The beds in South America associated with the Lower 
Gondwana (Glossopteris) Flora, identical with that found in 
corresponding strata in South Africa, India, and Australia 
implies, of course, a corresponding identity in climate, and 
that the land surfaces over which it extended had such a 
geographical relation as to permit the migration of the flora 
between all these quarters of the globe. 
From this somewhat brief account of the Permo" 
Carboniferous ice action in India, South Africa, and South 
America it will be seen that the glacial phenomena of these 
regions can, on physical and palaeontological grounds, be 
correlated with those occurring in Western Australia. 
Further, the Western Australian glaciation forms part of 
that refrigeration which affected part of the Southern 
Hemisphere in Permo-Carboniferous times, and marks one 
of the most important episodes in the geological history of 
the State. 
The Lyons Conglomerate in Relation to some 
Theoretical Questions. 
The climatic conditions under which the Lyons Con- 
glomerate was produced offer a peculiarly fascinating 
subject for enquiry, and the first question which naturally 
suggests itself is, What brought about that remarkable 
refrigeration, the evidences of which are not only manifest 
in Western Australia and in India, South Africa, South 
America, but also in Eastern Australia ? 
The occurrence of glacial conglomerates near the base 
of the Glossopteris-bearing beds in these widely separated 
localities in the four continents point conclusively to their 
resulting from a common cause. The exact explanation of 
this glaciation is not, however, it seems to me, quite clear. 
A migration of the poles has beer suggested as a possible 
cause of this Palaeozoic glaciation, for it is noteworthy 
that the remains of this glacial period all lie within about 
30 degrees of the equator. 
