Involute.] 
MOLLUSCA. 
41 
This species lives chiefly in districts where the chalk or 
Oolitic rocks prevail, its habitat being the roots of trees, and 
under stones, in dry situations. 
In the young condition the shell has an earthy covering, and 
in this state is the Helix ventricosa of Muller. 
Genus 51. — Vertigo. — Muller. 
Shell suhcylindrical, subfusiform, thin and transparent; volu- 
tions narrow, appearing as if squeezed together, gradually 
decreasing in size, and becoming abruptly obtuse at the apex ; 
aperture contracted, sinuated, somewhat angular, toothed inter- 
nally, marginated ; outer lip subreflected and simple. 
Section 1. — Shells dextral, nearly cylindrical; aperture 
externally margined. 
1. Vertigo edentula, pi. XVIII, f. 36. 
Pupa edentula, Drapernaud, p. 59, ph 3, f. 28, 29 ; Alder, 
Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 112 ; Rossmassler, X, p. 28, pi. 49, 
f. 646; Turton, Man., p. 99, pi. 7, f. 80; Thompson, Ann. and 
Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 39 ; Vertigo nitida, Ferussac, Tab. 
Moll., p. 64 ; Al(xa nitidi, Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., XVI, p. 358 ; 
Alcea revoluta, Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., XVI, p. 515 and 558; 
Turbo oftenensis, Sheppard, Linn. Trans., XIV, p. 155; Turbo 
edentula, Wood, Cat. Sup., pi. 6, f. 14. 
Shell ovately conical, or suhcylindrical, somewhat ventricose, 
of a transparent horn-colour; spire consisting of four or five 
well rounded volutions, which are deeply divided by the sutural 
line, and terminate in a slightly obtuse apex; the whole covered 
with nearly obsolete stricie; aperture semicircular, destitute of 
teeth ; outer lip thin on the edge, without a rib behind ; with 
a very minute umbilicus. Length a tenth of an inch. 
Found in many localities in Great Britain and Ireland. Its 
favourite resort is marshy situations. Mr. Thompson says, 
“ The typical form of V. edentula I generally find under stones ; 
the elongated and cylindrical variety in woods — in autumn and 
winter this latter is most readily obtained on the fallen leaves 
of trees; in summer on the under side of the fronds of ferns.” 
The elongated variety has not unfrequently seven or eight 
volutions, and is often one and a half line in length. 
2. Vertigo pygmjea, pi. XVIII, f. 37. 
Vertigo pygmcea, Ferussac, Tab. Moll., p. 64; Turton, Man., 
p. 103, f. 83; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 112; Thomp- 
son, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 40 ; Vertigo vulgaris, 
Leach, Moll., p. 129; Pupa pygmcea, Drapernaud, p. 60, pi. 3, 
f. 30, 31 ; Forbes, Mai. Mon., p. 12; Turbo sexdentatus, young 
shell, Montagu, p. 337 ; Alcea vulgaris, Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., 
XVI, p. 359; Helix Isihima, Gray, Med. Rep., 1821, p. 239. 
Shell oviform, somewhat ventricose, of a glossy, semipellucid, 
dark reddish-brown colour ; spire composed of three or four 
almost smooth, rather ventricose volutions, the apicial one 
abruptly smaller than that below it ; aperture sublunate, pro- 
vided with five teeth, two of which are situate on the columella, 
the upper one largest, one on the base of the body or superior 
portion of the aperture, and two on the outer lip, which, with 
the inner lip, is thin and externally margined, and a little 
reflected, with a minute subumbilicus behind the columellar lip ; 
outer lip with a longitudinal rib externally. 
Found in almost all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, 
although not numerous in any one locality ; its favourite resort 
is under stones in dry situations, as far as our experience has 
gone ; but Mr. Thompson, an accurate observer of nature, says, 
he has found it both in wet and dry situations, from the sea 
shore to elevated mountain localities. Mr. Forbes met with 
it among grass at Douglas, Isle of Man. 
3. Vertigo cylindrica, pi. XVIII, f. 38. 
Vertigo cylindrica, Ferussac, Tab. Moll., p. 65; Alder, Mag. 
Zool. and Bot., II, p. 112; Pupa obtusa, Fleming, Brit. An., 
p. 269 ; Pupa muscorum, var. a, Drapernaud, p. 59, ph 3, f. 
36, 37 ; Pupa minutissima, Hartmann, Neue Alpina, p. 220, 
pi. 2, f. 5 ; Pfeiffer, HI, p. 38, pi. 7, f. 12, 13 ; Rossmassler, I, 
p. 84, pi. 2, f. 38. 
Shell cylindrical, pellucid, pale yellowish-brown ; spire con- 
sisting of four convex, acutely and obliquely striated volutions ; 
aperture ovate, slightly margined externally, and destitute of 
teeth ; outer lip rather thin, with a narrow and small umbilicus 
situate behind the columellar lip. Not quite a line in length. 
Found near the Village of Balmenna, Fifeshire, by my 
friend Mr. Chalmers, surgeon, Kirkcaldy. Its habitat is under 
stones. 
4. Vertigo sexdentata, pi. XIV, f. 8. 
Vertigo sexdentata, Turton, Man., p. 103, f. 84 ; Vertigo 
4, 5 dentata, Studer, Catah; Vertigo substriata, Alder, Cat. 
Sup. Trans. Newcastle Nat. Hist. Soc., p. 34 ; Ib., Mag. Zool. 
and Bot., H, p. 1 12; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, 
p. 40 ; Turbo sexdentatus, Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 59, f- 8 ; 
Brown, Ency. Brit., 6th Ed., VI, p. 457; Turton, Brit. Fau., 
p. 184; Helix minuta, Muller, Verm., II, p. 101. 
Shell suhcylindrical, ventricose, subconic above, smooth, 
glossy, of a brownish-yellow horn-colour ; spire consisting of 
four slightly inflated volutions, terminating in a rather obtuse 
apex ; aperture sublunate, a little margined externally ; with a 
thin, reflexed, slightly bent outer lip, which is usually provided 
with four teeth, two on the upper portion of the aperture, the 
right one the larger, and two on the columellar lip. Length 
one line ; diameter half its length. 
Found in moist situations in Cornwall, Devonshire, Suffolk, 
at Preston, Lancashire, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and at Ballan- 
trae, Ayrshire. It is widely diffused throughout Ireland, 
although rare where it is met with. 
O 
5. Vertigo palustris, pi. XVIII, f. 39* 
Vertigo palustris, Leach, Moll., p. 128, pi. 8, f. 10; Turton, 
Man., p. 104; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 112; Thomp- 
son, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 40; Alcea palustris, 
Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., XVI, p. 360 ; Pupa antivertigo, Draper- 
naud, p. 60, pi. 3, f. 32, 33. 
Shell oblong-ovate, suhcylindrical, of a deep chestnut,' glossy 
brown-colour ; spire subconic, composed of four volutions, 
slightly inflated, and well defined by the sutural line ; body 
fully longer than the spire ; aperture sublunate, with the 
margins whitish, somewhat sinuated, and provided with eight 
unequal teeth, three of which are situated on the outer lip, 
three on the superior portion of the columella, and two on the 
columellar lip ; outer lip with a considerable subsinus near its 
centre. 
This species has sometimes a ninth tubercular tooth. It is 
somewhat smaller than the V. sexdentatus. 
L 
