MOLLUSCA. 
44 
p. 33, f. 23 ; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 107 ; Forbes, 
Mai. Mon., p. 7 ; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 
22 ; Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., XVI, p. 330 ; Tachea neTnoralis, 
Leach, Moll., p. 84; Cochlea fasciata, Da Costa, p. 76, pi. 5, 
f. 1, 2, 3. 
Shell subglobose, thin, suhpellucid; body very large; spire 
small, consisting of three narrow, slightly inflated volutions; 
aperture transverse, semielliptical; inner lip reflected on the 
base of the columella, and proceeds in nearly a straight line 
until it joins the outer lip, which is thickened on the edge, and 
reflected ; both lips invariably of a dark reddish-brown ; whole 
surface covered with a yellow, citron-coloured, flesh-coloured, 
or olive, thin, pellucid, glossy epidermis, which allows the fascise 
to shine through. Diameter generally about an inch ; height 
three-quarters of an inch. 
This species is subject to very great variety in its colours and 
markings ; some are plain citron, yellow, olive, or flesh-coloured, 
while others are furnished with from one to five dark umber, or 
blackish-brown bands on the body, variously disposed. 
Fig. 4 represents the young shell. 
This species is at once distinguished from H. hortensis and 
hyhrida, from the outer and pillar lips being invariably of a 
dark brown-colour, while those of H. hortensis arc always 
white, and H. hybrida of a pale brown, yellowish-brown, or 
flesh-colour. 
I found the beautiful variety f. 8, at West Coates, Edin- 
burgh. It has a very pale rose-coloured outer lip, and a white 
girdle round its body. It is now in the cabinet of Lady 
Jardine, at Jardine Hall, Dumfriessbirc. Mr. Thompson says, 
he met with extremely large specimens of the H. nemoralis in 
the south islands of Arran, Ireland. 
The H. nemoralis is the most common of our land shells, 
being almost universally diffused throughout Great Britain and 
Ireland. It locates in woody situations. 
4. Helix hortensis, pi. XVI, f. 11, 15, 19 First Ed., 
pi. 39, f. 11, 15, 19. 
Helix hortensis, Lister, Conch., pi. 3, f. 3 ; Muller, Verm., 
11, p. 52, No. 447 ; Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3649, No. 109; 
Chemnitz, Conch., IX, pi. 133, f. 1199, 1201; Montagu, Test. 
Brit., p. 412; Drapernaud, p. 95, pi. 6, f. 6; Lamarck, An. 
San. Vert., VI, pt. 2nd, p. 81 ; Brard, p. 16, pi. 1, f. 3; Pfeiffer, 
I, p. 29, pi. 2, f. 12, 13; Fleming, Edin. Ency., VII, p. 81 ; Ib., 
Brit. An., p. 264; Rossmassler, I, p. 58, pi. 1, f. 6; Turton, 
Man., p. 34, pi. 3, f. 24; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., H, p. 106; 
Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., XVI, p. 330; Forbes, Mai. Mon., p. 8; 
Helix nemoralis, var., Maton and Rackett, Linn. Tr., VIII, p. 
206 ; Cochlea fasciata. Da Costa, p. 76, pi. 5, f. 4, 5 ; Tachea 
hortensis, Leach, Moll., p. 85. 
Shell somewhat globose, thin, smooth ; body large ; spire 
small, consisting of four, a little inflated, but narrow volutions, 
terminating in a rather obtuse apex ; aperture semielliptical ; 
outer lip white ; whole surface covered with a shining epidermis, 
of yellow', citron, or pale olive, with bands in some specimens, 
and destitute of them in others. 
This species will at once be distinguished from the H. nemo- 
ralis, by its outer lip being invariably white, and the shell is 
always nearly a third smaller, and a little more globular. It is 
subject to great variety in the number and disposition of its 
bands, which are either black, or very dark reddish-brown. 
[Trachelipoda 
It inhabits woods, hedges, and shady places, in almost all 
parts of Britain and Ireland, but is not so common as the H. 
nemoralis. 
5. Helix hybrida, pi. XVIH, f. 27, 28. 
* Helix hybrida, Peoret; Leach, MSS.; Gray’s Turton’s Man., 
p. 132, pi. 11, f. 150; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 
VI, p. 21 and 64; Helix hortensis, var., Ferussac, pi. 31; 
Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., H, p. 106. 
Shell semiglobose; body large; spire small, consisting of four 
moderately inflated volutions, which terminate in an obtuse 
apex; aperture semielliptical; outer lip of a pale brownish rose- 
colour, the inner rib being somewhat darker than the lip, which 
is rather acute at the edge ; whole surface of a brownish, or 
citron-yellow, sometimes banded, but more generally plain; the 
latter almost always with an indistinct, whitish band, running 
spirally on the upper margin of the body, and continued on the 
upper edge of the volutions of the spire. 
This species differs in the shape of the aperture, which is 
more transversely ovate than that of the former two species. 
It inhabits hedges and woody situations, in many parts of 
Britain and Ireland, but is a very local species. Mr. R. Ley- 
land, of Halifax, found this shell of a form and size resembling 
H. hortensis, locating on a small spot on the banks of the canal 
between Keighley and Bingley, Yorkshire. 
6. Helix Arbdstorum, pi. XVI, f. 20, 21, 22. — First Ed., 
pi. 39, f. 20, 21, 22. 
Helix Arbustorum, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., p. 1245; Gmelin, 
Linn. Syst., p. 3630, No. 53 ; Muller, Verm., p. 55, No. 248 ; 
Lister, Conch., pi. 56, f. 53; Donovan, Brit. Sh., IV, pi. 136; 
Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 413 ; Drapernaud, p. 38, pi. 5, f. 18 ; 
Lamarck, An. San. Vert., VI, pt. 2nd, p. 180; Brard, p. 65, pi. 
2, f. 12 ; Pfeiffer, I, p. 24, pi. 2, f. 7, 8 ; Rossmassler, I, p. 57, 
pi. 1, f. 4; Fleming, Edin. Ency., VII, p. 81 ; Ib., Brit. An., p. 
264; Brown, Ency. Brit., 6th Ed., VI, p. 458; Ib., Wernerian 
Mem., H, p. 525; Turton, Brit. Fau., p. 190 ; Ib., Man., p. 35; 
Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., H, p. 106 ; Forbes, Mai. Mon., p. 
7 ; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 23 ; Cochlea 
unifasciata. Da Costa, p. 75, pi. 17, f. 6; Arianta Arbustorum, 
Leach, Moll., p. 86. 
Shell subglobose, subpellucid ; body large, ventricose ; spire 
rather small, consisting of four inflated volutions, deeply defined 
by the line of the suture, and terminating in a rather acute 
apex ; aperture sublunate, somewhat longer than wide ; outer 
lip broad, white, and reflexed, with an internal rib ; pillar lip 
broad at its junction with the body, and narrowing suddenly as 
it descends ; surface of a cinerious colour, and in some instances 
of a pale yellowish hue ; beautifully mottled and streaked with 
lines of dark chocolate-brown, with a single transverse band of 
brown, investing the body volution, which continues spirally at 
the base of the volutions of the spire, but gradually becomes 
imperceptible before reaching the apex. 
Fig. 16 represents the young shell. 
In some specimens the girdle is wanting, and the shell of a 
much paler colour, as in fig. 21. Sometimes the blotches and 
markings are of a beautiful intense chocolate-colour. I have 
seen specimens entirely divested of blotches or band. It is also 
liable to some variety in the elevation of the spire. 
This is rather a local species, but is to be met with, in Britain 
and Ireland, from one extreme of the islands to the other. 
