MOLLUSCA. 
45 
Involute.] 
Sub- Genus 2. — Helicigona. — Ferussac. 
Shell orbicular, depressed, equally convex both above and 
below; umbilicate; provided with a carina on the centre of the 
body ; aperture transverse ; lips united all round. 
7. Helix lapicida, pi. XVII, f. 9, 10, 11. — First Ed., pi. 
40, f. 9, 10, 11. 
Helix lapicida, Liiine, Syst. Nat., p. 1241 ; Gmelin, Linn. 
Syst., p. 3613, No. 2; MUller, Verm., II, p. 40, No. 240; 
Donovan, Brit. Sh., 11, pi. 29, f. 2 ; Pennant, Brit. Zool., IV, 
p. 132, pi. 83, f. 121 ; Drapernaud, p. Ill, pi. 7, f* 35, 36, 37 ; 
Brard, p. 53, pi. 2, f. 14, 15; Fleming, Edin. Ency., VII, p. 
80 ; Brown, Ency. Brit., 6th Ed., VI, p. 457 ; Rossmassler, I, 
p. 63, pi. 1, f. 11 ; Caracolla lapicida, Lamarck, An. San. Vert., 
VI, pt. 2nd, p. 99 ; Fleming, Brit. An., p. 258 ; Alder, Mag. 
Zool. and Bot., IT, p. 109; Turton, Man., p. 66, pi. 5, f. 51; 
Helicigona lapicida, Ferussac, Prod., p. 150, pi. 66,* f. 6; 
Chilotrema lapicida, Leach, Moll., p. 106; Helix acuta. Lister, 
Conch., pi. 3, f. 4 ; Da Costa, p. 55, pi. 4, f. 9- 
Shell depressed, subdiscoidal, equally convex above and 
below ; body large ; spire short, consisting of five much flat- 
tened, slightly ventricose volutions, terminating in an obtuse 
apex ; body with a central, sharp-edged carina, which emanates 
from the margin of the outer lip, and investing the body, 
continues spirally at the base of the superior volutions, and 
defines them by a fine thread-like ridge; whole shell with 
strong, wrinkled, longitudinal strise, its entire surface presenting 
a shagreen-like aspect ; base provided with a large and deep 
umbilicus, exhibiting the spiral convolutions ; aperture broad, 
subovate, with a sharp margin ; outer lip white, reflexed, and 
continuous with the pillar lip, which is a little spread on the 
base of the body, and both lips disunited from the body. 
This species is extremely local, and appears not to extend 
much further north than the centre of England. It has never 
been found in Ireland, according to the account of Mr. Thomp- 
son. Its favourite habitat is limestone rocks and chalky soil. 
Sub-Genus 3. — Amplexus. — Brown. 
Shell depressed, with an orbicular aperture; peHstome con- 
tinuous and refexed; epiphragm membranaceous. 
8. Helix pdlchella, pi. XIV, f. 76, 77. 
Helix pulchella, Muller, Verm. Hist., II, p. 30, No. 232; 
Drapernaud, p. 112, pi. 7, f. 33, 34 ; Pfeiffer, I, p. 43, pi. 2, f. 
32; Brard. p. 56, pi. 2, f. 9; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 
I 09; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 23; Forbes, 
Mai. Mon., p. 9; Rossmassler, VII, p. 5, pi. 51, f. 440; Turton, 
Man., p. 63, pi. 5, f. 49 ; Amplexus paludosus. Brown, Illust. 
Conch., 1st Ed., pi. 41, f. 76, 77; Helix pulchella. Brown, 
Ency. Brit., 6th Ed., VI, p. 459; Helix paludosa. Da Costa, 
Brit. Conch., p. 59; Walker, Test. Min. Rar., f. 22; Montagu, 
Test. Brit., p. 440 ; Maton and Rackett, Linn. Tr., VIII, p. 
193, pi. 5, f. 5; Turton, Brit. Fau., p. 188; Brown, Wernerian 
Mem., II, p. 524; Fleming, Edin. Ency., VII, p. 80; Turbo 
paludosus, Turton, Conch. Diet., p. 228 ; Zurama pulchella, 
Leach, Moll., p. 108. 
Shell smooth, white, subpellucid ; spire depressed, consisting 
of three rounded volutions, well defined by tbe sutural line, 
terminating in an obtuse apex, and very little elevated above 
the body; body large, elegantly rounded, with a wide and deep 
umbilicus at its base, exhibiting the convolutions of the spire 
inside ; aperture circular, with an opaque, white, flattened, re- 
flected, thickened margin ; the lips not quite meeting on the 
base of the body. Diameter one-tenth of an inch. 
This elegant little species is pretty generally diffused through- 
out Great Britain and Ireland. Its favourite habitat being 
under stones, in dry situations. It is generally more numerous 
in dry situations around the coast. It is exceedingly numerous 
at Carolina Park, near Edinburgh ; also on the sand hills at 
Portmarnock Rabbit Burrow, and Thompson says he found it 
on the short pastures, in some of the islets, of Lough Strang- 
ford, Ireland. It is, however, found in inland situations. 
Many authors consider this and the following species merely 
as varieties ; but we have invariably noticed a difference in the 
animals. 
9. Helix crenella, pi. XIV, f. 78, 79 — First Ed., pi. 
41, f. 78, 79. 
Helix crenella, Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 441 ; Amplexus cre- 
nellus. Brown, Illust. Conch., 1st Ed., pi. 41, f. 78, 79; Helix 
pulchella, var., Drapernaud, p. 112, pi. 7, f. 30, 31, 32; Helix 
costata, Muller, Verm., p. 31, No. 233; Pfeiffer, I, p. 41, pi. 2, 
f. 31; Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat., I, p. 3633, No. 67; Alten, 
Erd-und Flussconchyl., S. 60, pi. 6, f. 11; Gartner, Conchyl. 
der Wetterau, S. 26; Rossmassler, VII, p. 5, pi. 31, f. 439; 
Fleming, Brit. An., p. 263; Helix pulchella, var., Alder, Mag. 
Zool. and Bot., 11, p. 109; Forbes, Mai. Mon., p. 9; Turbo 
helicinus, Lightfoot, Phil. Trans., 1776, pi. 3, f. 1 to 4. 
Shell milk-white, subopaque ; spire depressed, consisting of 
three well defined, rounded volutions, and terminating in an 
acute apex, which is but little elevated above the body volu- 
tion, and beautifully rounded ; its base provided with a large 
and deep umbilicus, exposing in its cavity the inner sides of the 
volutions of the spire ; aperture circular ; the outer and pillar 
lips continuous, smooth, white, opaque, and reflected, but a 
little separated on the columella; whole surface covered by 
numerous, strong, regular, longitudinal, concentric ribs. Dia- 
meter one-tenth of an inch. Some specimens have a yellowish- 
brown epidermis. 
Some authors affirm that this species is always found in damp 
situations, while the habitat of H. pulchella is constantly in dry 
localities. We have met with both shells plentifully in Caro- 
lina Park, near Edinburgh, and also at Portmarnock, Ireland. 
In the former locality, however, we always met with the two 
species in separate situations. 
This shell js as widely spread as the H. pulchella, both in 
England and Ireland, and in the same kind of habitat. In the 
North of Ireland, Mr. Thompson says this species is more 
common on dry sea banks than the H. pulchella. Forbes has 
found the H. crenella on walls in the Isle of Man, and I have 
met with it in a similar locality, in the King’s Park, at Edin- 
burgh. I have likewise observed both specimens in damp 
situations, but very rarely. 
M 
