Aristolochia 
trapping the insects Ims nut been satisfactorily explained. 
The flowers are often heavily or offensively scented, and 
are usually of a dingy Ime. A. Goldieana, of Calaliar, 
has the largest that are yet known, the blade of which 
is nearly 2 feet in breadth. The common birthwort, A. 
Clematitin, and some other European species, had for- 
merly a reputation as emmenagogues and as facilitating 
parturition. Various species have had a popular reputa- 
tion as remedies for snake-bites, as anthelmintlu'cs, etc., 
and the Virginia suakeroot, or serpentary-root, A. Set'- 
pentarui, is employed as a stimulating tonic and diapho- 
retic. The pipe-vine, or Dutch man 's-pipe, A. Sipho, a na- 
tive of the Alleghanies, with very large cordate leaves, is 
cultivated as an ornamental climber. 
Aristolochiaceae (ar'is-to-lo-ki-a'se-e), >i. />!. 
[NL., < Aristulocltiti + -tic'ete.] A natural order 
of apetalous dicotyledonous plants, character- 
ized by an inferior capsular many-seeded fruit, 
epigynous stamens, and a colored, usually irreg- 
ular, calyx. The principal genera are Aristolochia and 
Axnruin, with about 200 species, herbs or woody climbeis, 
widely distributed through temperate and tropical regions, 
and possessing bitter and acrid properties. See Arittolo- 
I'hni. and cut under Amirum. 
aristolochiaceous (ar*is-to-16-ki-a'shius), a. 
Belonging or pertaining to the Aristolochiacece. 
aristplogical (arls-to-loj'i-kal), a. Of or per- 
taining to aristology. N. E."D. 
aristologist (ar-is-tol'o-jist), n. [< aristology 
+ -ist.~] One skilled in aristology. N. E. D. 
aristology (ar-is-tol'6-ji), . [\ Gr. apiarov, 
breakfast, + -Zoyia, < leyeiv, speak : see -olugy."] 
The science of dining. T. Walker. [Bare.] 
Aristonetta (ar*is-to-net'a), n. [NL.,< Gr. api- 
orof , best, + vfjrra, a duck, = L. anas : see Anas.'] 
A genus of sea-ducks, subfamily FuUgulince, 
family Anatidw: named from the excellence of 
the flesh. The type and only species is the can- 
vasback, A. vallisneria. S. F. Baird, 1858. See 
cut under canvasback. 
Aristophanic (ar"is-to-fan'ik), . and n. [< L. 
Aristophanicus, < Aristophanes, < Gr. 'Apiarotyavric,, 
Aristophanes.] I. a. Pertaining to the writ- 
ings or style of Aristophanes, the great comic 
poet of Athens ; shrewd ; witty. 
U. . [/. c.] inane, pros., sitme as first Phere- 
cratic. See Plwrecratic. 
Aristotelean (ar-is-tot-e-le'an;, a. Same as 
Aristotelian. 
Aristotelian (ar'is-to-te'li-an), a. and n. [< L. 
Aristotelins, -leus, < Gr. 'Apiarorc^eiof, pertaining 
to 'Apiaroreir/f, L. Aristoteles, Aristotle.] I. a. 
Pertaining to Aristotle (born at Stagira in 
Macedonia, 384 B. c., died 322 B. c.), the father 
of logic and the most influential of all philoso- 
phers, or to his works, school, or philosophy. 
See peripatetic Aristotelian logic, (a) The logic of 
Aristotle, especially in the modified form taught in the 
middle ages. (6) Formal logic, based on the four prepo- 
sitional forms : All S is P ; No S is P ; Some S is P ; Some 
8 is not P. Aristotelian sorites, a progressive chain of 
reasoning like the following : He who is prudent is temper- 
ate ; he who is temperate is constant ; he who is constant 
is unperturbed ; he who is unperturbed is without sorrow ; 
he who is without sorrow is happy ; therefore, the prudent 
man is happy. 
The progressive sorites has been called the common or 
Aristotelian. This latter denomination is an error, for 
Aristotle, though certainly not ignorant of the process of 
reasoning now called sorites, does not enter upon its con- 
sideration. Sir W. Hamilton, 
II. n. A followerof Aristotle. See peripatetic. 
Aristotelianism (ar*is-to-te'li-aii-izm), . [< 
Aristotelian + -ism.'] The philosophy of Aris- 
totle, or any later modification of it. Aristo- 
telianism is a kind of metaphysical evolutionism. Its 
central idea is the distinction of act and power (actuality 
and potentiality). The nature of the world as a whole, as 
well as every part of it, may be illustrated by the analogy 
of the growth of a tree from a seed. The tree has a sort 
of being in the seed a potential being: it exists in it in 
power only. That which is actualized in the perfected de- 
velopment from the seed the tree exists in act or ac- 
tuality. This perfected development the entelechy 
is the characteristic nature of the thing which places it in 
some natural species, and which is its form, or that ele- 
ment of the thing which makes it to be the kind of thing 
that it is. The other element, which merely makes the 
thing to be, is its matter, which, as unformed, is identified 
by Aristotle with the power or potentiality of a germ. 
Every event is an act of development. Most events take 
place under the influence of an external efficient cause, 
and their character is determined by an end. Matter, 
form, efficient cause, and end are the four Aristotelian 
causes or principles. But not all events are brought about 
by external efficient causes. Some happen by fortuitous 
spontaneity, and are not determined by any causes what- 
ever. Other events come to pass naturally, that is, by a 
self-determined growth. Besides that which is moved but 
does not cause motion, and that which is both moved and 
causes motion, there must needs be a tertium quid, which 
is not moved, yet causes motion ; and this is God. or pure 
act (actuality) without undeveloped potentiality. The soul 
is the entelechy, or perfect flower, of the body. It has 
three parts, the vegetative (or merely vital), the sensible, 
and the rational. The reason is not a mere belonging of 
the individual ; it exists before the body, and, as the ac- 
tive reason, is common to all persons upon the tablets of 
whose passive reason it writes its dicta. Space and time 
are mere logical elements of motion. Aristotle is justly 
called the father of logic, although there were some vague 
310 
logical doctrines before him, and although his system is 
now largely superseded. He holds the only excellent rea- 
soning to be syllogism, and all other kinds of reasoning to 
be imperfect approximations to syllogism. Particular 
facts are first and best known to us, but general truths 
are first and best known in themselves. Science must set 
out with certain fixed first principles, which are defini- 
tions. Knowledge is a development from impressions of 
sense, to the formation of which reason and experience 
both contribute. Things are of ten classes, substances, 
relations, quantities, qualities, etc. See category. Differ- 
ent genera are subdivided upon different principles, so 
that there are no cross-divisions in the real classification 
of natures. It is possible to so collate passages from Aris- 
totle as to make him appear as an inductive logician ; but 
the whole cast of his mind was such as to lead him to 
underrate the importance of induction. He lays much 
stress on the principle of excluded middle, which he treats 
as a corollary of the principle of contradiction ; and he 
has a general leaning to hard and rather wooden distinc- 
tions. The most important of his ethical doctrines are 
that happiness lies in the working out of one's inward- 
ness, and that every virtue is a golden mean between two 
vices. 
Aristotelic (ar'is-to-tel'ik), a. [< LL. Aristo- 
telicus, < Gr. 'ApiaroTeAiKOf, < 'ApiaTO-iAr/f, Aris- 
totle.] Pertaining to Aristotle or to his phi- 
losophy. 
Aristotle's lantern. See lantern. 
aristulate (a-ris'tu-lat), a. [< NL. aristulatun, 
(. aristula, dim. of L. arista, awn or beard of 
grain.] In bot., having a short beard or awn. 
A. Gray. 
arithmancy (ar'ith-man-si), x. [= Sp. arit- 
mancia . = Pg. arithmancia; contr. of arithtno- 
mancy, q. v.] Same as arlthmomancij. 
arithmantical (ar-ith-man'ti-kal), a. Of or 
pertaining to arithmancy. JV. -. Z>. 
arithmetic (a-rith'me-tik ; as adjective, ar-ith- 
met'ik), n. and a. [The ME. forms are cor- 
rupt: arsmetike, arsmetriJc, ars metrike, etc., in 
simulation of L. ars mctrica, the metric art; 
later ME. arismetrilc (early mod. E. arithme- 
tricke, arithmetick, after mod. F. and L.), < OF. 
arismetique, mod. F. arithme'tique = Pr. aris- 
metica = Sp. arismetica, now usually aritmetica 
= Pg. aritlimetica = It. aritmetica = G. Sw. Dan. 
arithmetik, < L. arithmetica, < Gr. apiOftr/rm/ (sc. 
", the science of reckoning, fern, of apiB- 
', of or for reckoning, < apid/ieiv, reckon, 
number, count, < apiB/joc, number.] I. n. 1. 
The theory of numbers ; the study of the divisi- 
bility of whole numbers, the remainders after 
division, etc. Also called theoretical or higher 
arithmetic. 2. Theartof computation: the most 
elementary branch of mathematics. This use of 
the word appears early in the sixteenth century. The art 
of using Arabic numerals was first called in English algo- 
rism (which see) or auyrim, then practical arithmetic, 
lastly arithmetic simply, or elementary arithmetic. Ab- 
stract arithmetic teaches systems of notation for numbers, 
the three rules of direct computation, addition, subtrac- 
tion, and multiplication, and various rules of indirect com- 
putation, or computation by successive approximation, 
such as division, extraction of the square and cube roots, 
double position, etc. Practical arithmetic teaches the 
various kinds of computation employed in trade. 
3f (pron. ar-ith-met'ik). An arithmetician. 
Binary (or dyadic) arithmetic, decimal arithme- 
tic, duodecimal arithmetic, etc. See the adjectives. 
Literal or universal arithmetic, algebra. Mental 
arithmetic, the simpler branches of arithmetic adapted 
for mental training, through the performance of the opera- 
tions in the mind, without writing the figures. Political 
arithmetic, the application of arithmetic to politics ; sta- 
tistics. 
II. a. A less common form of arithmetical. 
arithmetical (ar-ith-met'i-kal), a. [= F. arith- 
me'tique, < L. arithmeticus, < Gr. api6[ir/TiK6s: see 
arithmetic.'] Pertaining to arithmetic ; accord- 
ing to the rules or methods of arithmetic. 
Arithmetical complement, the sum which a number 
lacks of 10 or of the next higher power of 10 : 3, for ex- 
ample, is the arithmetical complement of 7 ; 56 of 44. 
Arithmetical complement of a logarithm, the sum or 
number which a logarithm lacks of 10. Arithmetical 
mean. See mean. Arithmetical progression, a se- 
ries of quantities or numbers increasing or decreasing by 
a common difference, as 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. See series. 
Arithmetical proportion, the equality of two arith- 
metical ratios or differences, as in the numbers 12 9, 6 
where 12 9=9 6. Arithmetical ratio, the differ- 
ence between any two adjacent terms in arithmetical 
progression. Arithmetical signs, the arbitrary sym- 
bols used to denote the operations performed on numbers 
or the relations subsisting between them: as, -f , =, 
etc. Arithmetical triangle, the triangle formed by 
the orderly arrangement of binomial coefficients ; thus : 
1 
1 1 
121 
1331 
14641 
1 5 10 10 5 1 
1 6 15 20 15 6 1 
1 I 21 35 86 21 7 1 
etc., etc. 
arithmetically (ar-ith-met'i-kal-i), adv. Ac- 
cording to the rules, principles, or method of 
arithmetic. 
ark 
arithmetician (a-rith-me-tish'an), w. [< F. 
arithmetic/en, < L. arithmcticus : see arithmeti- 
cal.'] One skilled in arithmetic. 
arithmetico-geometrical (ar-ith-met'i-ko-je- 
o-met'ri-kal), a. Arithmetical and geometri- 
cal : a term descriptive of a kind of mean be- 
tween two quantities obtained by taking both 
the arithmetical and the geometrical means of 
the quantities, then the means of these means, 
and so on, until the two results become iden- 
tical. Thus, starting with 2 and 3, we obtain successive- 
ly the following pairs of means : 
Arithmetical. Geometrical. 
First pair, 2.5 2.449490 
Second " 2.474745 2.474615 
Third " 2.474680 2.474680 
The numbers of the last pair being sensibly equal, 2.474080 
is the arithmetico-geometrical mean of 2 and 3. This pro- 
cess, invented by Gauss, is useful in calculating elliptic in- 
tegrals. 
arithmocracy (ar-ith-niok'ra-si), . [< Gr. 
apiBftdf, number, + -Kparia, rule : see -cracy, and 
of. democracy.] Rule or government by a ma- 
jority. [Bare.] 
A democracy of mere numbers is no democracy, but a 
mere brute arithmocracy. 
Kingsley, Alton Locke (ed. 1854), Pref. 
arithmocratic (a-rith-mo-krat'ik), a. [< Gr. 
api8fi6f, number, -T- -upariKOc, < Kparof, rule.] Of, 
pertaining to, or of the nature of an arithmoc- 
racy or rule of numbers. [Bare.] 
American democracy, being merely arithmocratic, pro- 
rides no representation whatsoever for the more educated 
and more experienced minority. 
Kingsley, Alton Locke (ed. 1862), Pref. 
arithmograph (a-rith'mo-graf), . [< Gr. apiB- 
l^of, number, + ypaijMv, write.] A kind of com- 
puting-machine. 
arithmomancy (a-rith'mo-man-si), . [Also 
contr. arithmancy, q. v., < NL. aritlimomantia, 
< Gr. aptSft6f, a number, + /lavrcia, divination.] 
Divination by numbers. Also arithmancy. 
arithmometer (ar - ith - mom ' e - ter), n. [= F. 
arithmometre, < Gr. api8/j6c, number, + /itrpov, 
a measure.] An instrument for performing 
multiplication and division. The multiplicand is 
made to appear in one place by setting certain stops or 
wheels. A handle is then turned, and other motions are 
made, so as to cause the multiplier to appear in another 
place. Then the product will be found in a third place. 
Division and subtraction can be performed in a some- 
what similar way. The best-known of these machines Is 
by Thomas of Colmar ; the best is by Grant. 
arithmo-planimeter(a-rith''m6-pla-nim'e-ter), 
n. [< Gr. apiff/jof, number, + planimeter.] A 
form of planimeter invented by M. Lalanne. 
a ritorte (a re-tor'te). [It. : a (< L. ad), to, 
with; ritorte, pi. of ritorta, band, tie, sprig; 
cf. retort.] With bands: said of glassware 
decorated by means of rods of white or colored 
glass, generally spiral, sunk in a body of trans- 
parent glass, so as to form one mass with it. 
-arium. [L. -arium, neut. of -arius (see -ary 1 , 
-ery), denoting a thing connected with, chiefly 
a place for, something, as in L. aquarium, a 
place for watering cattle, vivarium, a place for 
live fish, etc., LL. herbarium, a collection of 
dried plants, etc., such words being transferred 
to E. unchanged, or with adapted suffix -ary, 
as aviary, estuary, salary, etcj A suffix, the 
original Latin neuter form of -ary 1 , usually in 
words denoting a place set apart for something, 
as aquarium, vivarium, herbarium, also (as Latin 
words) frigidarium, ealdarium; but sometimes 
used differently, as in honorarium. 
Arius (a'ri-us), . [NL., appar. < Gr. apeiof, 
martial, warlike, < "Apr/c, Mars: see Arian 1 .] 
A genus of marine catfishes, giving name to 
the subfamily Ariinai: synonymous with Gale- 
ichthys (which see). See cut under Ariin<e. 
-arius. [L. : see -arium, -ary 1 .] A Latin ter- 
mination frequent in zoological and botanical 
terms : sometimes used unchanged in English. 
ark 1 !, . An old spelling of are 1 , a bow, arch. 
ark 2 (ark), n. [< ME. ark, arke, < AS. tare, ere, 
rc=ONorth. arc, cere = OFries. erke = D. ark = 
OHG. arka, archa, MHG. G. arche = Icel. ork = 
Dan. Sw. arfc = Goth. arka = Sp. Pg. It. arca = 
Pr. archa = OF. arche (> ME. arche: see arch 2 ), 
mod. F. arche = Gael. Ir. airc = W. arch; < L. 
area, a chest, box, coffer (in Vulgate of Noah's 
ark and the ark of the covenant), < arcere, keep, 
= Gr. apufiv, keep off, suffice.] 1. A chest, box, 
coffer, or other close receptacle; a bin or 
hutch: as, a meal-art. [Obsolete, poetical, or 
dialectal.] 
Then first of all forth came Sir Satyrane, 
Bearing that precious relicke in an arke. 
Spenser, F. Q., IV. iv. 15. 
Kich arks with priceless bones of martyrdom. 
Tennyson, Balin and Balau. 
