Arminian 
Calvin. (2) Universal redemption, or that the atonement 
was made by Christ for all mankind, though none hut be- 
lievers can be partakers of its benefits. (3) That man, in 
order to exercise true faith, must be regenerated and re- 
newed by the operation of the Holy Spirit, which is the 
gift of God. (4) That this grace is not invsistible. (5) That 
believers are able by the aid of tliu Holy Spirit to resist 
sin, but that there is always in this life the possibility of 
a fall from grace, in opposition to the Calvinistic doctrine 
of the perseverance of the saints. Protestants in general 
shared in the controversy excited by the promulgation of 
these doctrines, and all opponents of Calvinism are still 
often characterized as Arminians. In the Church of Eng- 
land Arminiauism was especially favored by the High 
Church party. The Methodist denomination was divided 
on the subject, the followers of Wesley being Arminians, 
and those of \V"hitefie!d C.ilvinists. 
II. a.. Pertaining to Arminius or to his doc- 
trines. 
Arminianism (iir-min'i-an-izm), . [< Armini- 
an + -ism ; = F. arminianisme.] The peculiar 
doctrines or tenets of the Arminians. 
Arminianize (iir-min'i-an-iz), v. ; pret. and pp. 
Arminianized, ppr. Arminianiziny. [< Arminian 
+ -ize.~\ I. trans. To make Arminian; tinge 
or permeate with Arminian doctrines. 
n. in trans. To teach Arminiauism. 
arniipotence (ilr-mip'o-tens), n. (X LL. armipo- 
tentia,<.ii.arinipoten(t^)s: see armipotent.] Puis- 
sance at arms. Bailey. 
armipotent (iir-mip'o-tent), a. [< ME. army po- 
tent, (. L. armipoten(t-)s, powerful in arms, < 
arma, arms, + poten(t-)s, powerful: gee po- 
tent.'] Powerful in arms; mighty in battle. 
[Bare.] 
The temple of Marz artnypotente. 
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1124. 
The manifold linguist and the armipotent soldier. 
Shak., All's Well, iv. 3. 
Who dost pluck 
With hand armipotent from forth blue clouds 
The mason'd turrets. 
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, v. 1. 
armisonantt (iir-mis'o-nant), a. [< L. arma, 
arms, + sonan(t-)s, ppr. "of sonare, sound (see 
muant) ; suggested by armisonous, q. v.] Same 
as armisonous. Ash. 
armisonoust (iir-mis'o-nus), a. [< L. armiso- 
nus, < arma, arms, + sonare, sound : see sound 6 , 
and cf . armisonant.] Sounding or rustling with 
arms or armor. Bailey. 
armistice (ar'mis-tis), '. [< F. armistice = Sp. 
Pg. armisticio = It. armistizio, < NL. armistitium, 
a cessation of hostilities, < arma, arms, + -sti- 
tium, < status, a standing, pp. of sistere, cause 
to stand, fix, reduplicated from stare, stand : 
see state, stand. Cf. solstice, interstice.'] A 
temporary suspension of hostilities by conven- 
tion or agreement of the parties; a truce. 
But, while an armistice is an interval in war and supposes 
a return to it, a peace is a return to a state of amity and 
intercourse, implying no intention to recommence hostili- 
ties. An armistice again leaves the questions of the war 
unsettled, but a peace implies in its terms that redress of 
wrongs has been obtained, or that the intention is re- 
nounced of seeking to obtain it. 
Wooltey, Introd. to Inter. Law, 150. 
armless 1 (arm'les), a. [ME. armies; < ami*- + 
-less.'] Without arms. In zml., specifically applied 
to the Lipobrachia, or those echinoderms, as sea-urchins 
and sea-cucumbers, which have no distinct rays or arms. 
armless 2 (arm'les), a. [< armS + -less.] Des- 
titute of weapons ; defenseless. 
Spain lying armless and open. Howett, Letters, i. 3. 
armlet (arm'let), n. [< arm 1 + -let, dim. suf- 
fix; suggested prob. by armillet, q. v. Cf. 
bracelet.] 1. 
A little arm: 
as, an armlet 
of the sea. 2. 
An ornament 
for the arm ; 
specifically, a 
Persian. Egyptian. j. i i_ J 
Armlets. metal band or 
ring worn up- 
on the upper arm. 3. That part of a dress 
where the sleeve joins the shoulder. 
armoire (ar-mwor'), w. [F. : see ambry.'] An 
ambry ; a large wardrobe or movable cupboard, 
with doors and shelves ; especially, one which 
is inclosed or shut in with doors from base to 
cornice, and is simple and roomy in design. 
armoiriet (ar'mor-i), n. [F.] An old form of 
armory' 2 . 
Their great aim was to elevate their subject by tracing 
back the use of armoiries to the patriarchs and heroes of 
Jewish and pagan antiquity. Encyc. Brit., XI. 712. 
armoniact, a. An old corruption of ammoniac. 
Chaucer. 
armor, armour (ar'mor), . [Second form now 
usual in England ; < ME. armaur, armowre, earlier 
and more commonly armure, armor (often in pi. 
314 
armures, armurs, armeris, armeres, weapons), < 
OF. armure, armeure, F. armure = Sp. Pg. arma- 
dura = It. armadura, armatura, armor, < L. arina- 
tura, armor: see armature.~\ 1. Defensive arms ; 
any covering worn to protect the person against 
offensive weapons. All available materials that offer 
some resistance to edge or point have, at various epochs 
and among various peoples, been put to use for this pur- 
Complete Armor of 1195- Armor and Equipment for man and 
1205. horse, about raoo. 
I. Conical helmet set 2. A heaunie or large helmet, 
upon the hood. A, hood of worn over a steel cap (mortier or 
leather; B camail of chain- secret). It had no vizor nor avent- 
mail secured to the hood. aile, but was worn only in fight, and 
This is here separate from rested directly upon the armor of the 
the hauberk, though it was neck. A, ailette (one on each shoul- 
often a part of it. The der) ; ^.rerebrace ; C, cubitiere, or el- 
hauberk of mail reaches to bow-guard ; D, genouilliere, or knee- 
the knees and is divided be- guard ; E, greave, or bainberg ; F, 
fore and behind ; the gam- surcoat of stuff worn over the armor ; 
beson has a long skirt, and is M, barbs of the same make as the 
worn under the nauberk and body-armor of the rider; A', cham- 
divided in the same way ; fron of hammered iron ; O. housings 
the belt is only a leather of stuff affording considerable pro- 
strap with buckle ; the tection. The armor of the body and 
shield is triangular and very limbs of the rider is of the fashion 
much rounded or bowed called banded mail ; that for the body, 
sidewise, and straight therefore, is not properly a hauberk, 
lengthwise ; the hose, or perhaps a broigne. 
chausses, are of mail, and 
the shoes of leather. The broigne was often worn instead of the hau- 
berk ; the closed helmet, rarely. The chausses often covered the feet, 
replacing the shoes. 
pose, as thick skins, garments of linen or of silk, stuffed 
with vegetable fiber, or made of many thicknesses of ma- 
terial, thin plates of horn or metal, sewed to some textile 
fabric and lapping over one another like scales, etc. Usu- 
ally the headpiece was the first piece of armor to be made 
in solid metal. (See helmet.) The Greeks had a solid cui- 
rass from a very early period. (See cuirass and thorax.) 
This, with the helmet and the greaves (see yreave) t con- 
stituted the whole armorof the heavy -armed Greek warrior 
of historic times. The Roman legionary was in general 
similarly armed, sometimes wearing only one greave. 
Chain-mail was introduced in the armor of the Roman 
soldiery. The Norman invaders of England in 1066 wore 
a conical helmet with a nasal or strong projecting piece of 
iron coming down over the nose, and long gowns of stuff to 
Complete Armor, about 1393. Complete suit of Plate-Armor, 
3. A. basinet with vizor; S. " ow '" Paris, date about io 
large camail of chain-mail; C, ""* epoch f greatest perfection 
corselet of separate plates of of defensive arms, 
iron or steel, each one riveted to 4. A. armet; , gorget of three 
an inner doublet or jacket of plates or splints sliding one over 
linen, silk, or leather (this corse- the other, the lowennostone pass- 
letcomesnohigherthanthearm- ing beneath the plastron ; C, C, 
pits, and corresponds exactly to pauldrons, each of three sliding 
the later pansiere); A complete plates, the right-hand pauldron 
brassart ; R, cubitiere, which smaller than the left, and its low. 
is, however, included in D; F, est plate capable of being lifted 
gauntlet of leather with bracelet to allow the lance to be put in 
or wrist-guard of steel, and back rest ; D. adjustable lance-rest ; E. 
of hanoT covered with a steel plastron, or upper part of corse- 
plate ; (j, skirt of six taces or let; F, pansiere, or lower part of 
tassets sliding one over another corselet (these two pieces slide 
like the shell of a lobster's tail one upon the other so that the 
( each tasset is riveted to a series body can bend forward and the 
of verticalstrapsof stuff orleath- pansiere is so cut away over the 
er) ; H, military belt secured to hips that the body can bend side- 
the lowest tasset ( the sword is not wise); G, skirt of taces or tas- 
secured to the belt, hut to a hook sets; H, other tassets forming 
or staple riveted to the cuishe); thigh-guards (the large lowest 
/, cuishe, or thigh-piece, in two splint is often called the tuille); I, 
parts connected by hinges and complete brassart in many pieces 
fastened by hooks ; y, jamb, or perfectly articulated and forming 
leg-piece, in two parts like the a connected sleeve, composed of 
cuishe; A", genouilliere, or knee- rerebrace, vambrace, and cubi- 
guard; A. solleret of smallplates tiere: J, gauntlet havingno brace- 
sliding one over another. let, but secured to vambrace of 
brassart; A', cuishe; 7.,jamb;,W, 
genouilliere, having two sliding splints above the main knee-guard : 
A', solleret, with the terminal splint removable when the wearer dis- 
mounted. 
armorer 
which were sewed rings or plates of metal, and the leaders 
had leg-coverings of similar make. A century later chain- 
mail was in common use. The knights of the time of 
Richard I. of England (Coeur de Lion, 1189-1199) wore a 
long hauberk of chain-mail, reaching to the knee or below, 
with long sleeves closed at the ends so as to form gloves, 
and with openings in the sides through which the hands 
could be passed, leaving the gloves hanging down from 
the wrist ; hose of the same make, either covering the feet 
or worn with shoes of strong leather ; or sometimes long 
hose of leather laced or buckled like modern long gaiters. 
A hood, called the camail, sometimes of chain-mail, some- 
times of leather, covered the head and descended to the 
shoulders, and upon this rested the iron helmet, either of 
conical form or rounded or acorn-shaped, without vizor, 
pressing on the head at its lower edge, where it was often 
secured to the camail, and rising above the crown of the 
head. Very rarely in this reign a closed helmet was used, 
as seen on a seal of King Richard I. ; helmets of this form 
became common early in the reign of Henry III. (1216- 
1272). By the time of Henry IV. (1399-1413) and his inva- 
sion of France (1411), the knight was completely clothed 
in armor of plates, chain-mail being used at the junction 
of the limbs with the body, at the elbow- and knee-joints, 
and for a hood covering the top of the corselet. Finally, 
under Henry VI. (1422-1461), at about the time that the 
English were driven out of France (1463), the suit of armor 
reached its complete development, being forged of thin 
steel to fit the body and limbs, weighing not over 60 or TO 
pounds in all, and allowing of free movement. This, how- 
ever, was extremely costly. The armor worn in jousts and 
tournaments was very different after the twelfth century 
from that worn in war, being heavier, and neither allowing 
the knight to dismount without assistance nor affording 
him adequate protection if dismounted. For war, in spite 
of the general adoption of firearms, armor, though not in- 
vesting the whole body, continued to be worn by officers 
and mounted men until the close of the seventeenth cen- 
tury, in the wars of Louis XIV. 's reign, and, indeed, sur- 
vives to this day in the helmets and cuirasses of certain 
corps of cavalry. (The cuts are from Viollet-le-Duc's 
"Diet, du Mobilier francais.") 
2. The metallic sheathing, intended as a pro- 
tection against projectiles, for a ship of war or 
the exposed face of a fortification. 3. Figura- 
tively, a defensive covering of any kind ; that 
which serves as a protection or safeguard; a 
bulwark: used in zool. and bot. of the protec- 
tive envelop or cover of an animal or a plant, 
as the scales of a fish or the plates of a croco- 
dile. 
There is no armor against fate. Shirley. 
In one species [hornbills] the hill armor resembles some- 
what the great recurved horn of the rhinoceros. 
Sci. Amer., N. S., LV. 73. 
In Europe the cables contain from five to seven wires, 
each insulated with gutta-percha, and the whole protected 
with an artnor of iron wires or iron pipe. 
Greer, Diet, of Electricity, p. 162. 
4. In magnetism, same as armature, 6. [Bare.] 
Mascled armor. See muscled. Submarine armor, 
a water-tight covering worn by a diver ; a diving-dress. 
The essential part of the armor is a metal helmet, large 
enough to permit free movement of the head within, pro- 
vided with windows for outlook, and connected with a 
breastplate which prevents any compression of the lungs. 
The remainder of the suit is of india-rubber. Pure air is 
pumped through a tube opening into the helmet and is 
projected against the windows, removing the moisture 
which condenses upon them ; it then becomes diffused and 
is breathed, the impure air passing out through a similar 
tube. Weights are attached to the waist, and leaden soles 
to the shoes. A signal-line affords communication with 
attendants above. 
armor, armour '(ar'mor), v. t. [< armor, n.] 
To cover with armor or armor-plate. 
The trees were yet growing and the iron unmined with 
which a navy was to be built and armored. 
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 152. 
armor-bearer (ar'mor-bar"er), n. In ancient 
and feudal times, one who carried the armor or 
weapons of another. 
armored, armoured (ar'mprd), p. a. [< armor 
+ -ed?.~] 1. Equipped with arms or armor. 
2. Covered with armor, as a ship or the face of 
a fortification ; armor-plated. 
The "Stonewall" was aram with armored sides. 
J. R. Soley, Blockade and Cruisers, p. 221. 
Fishes [Cephalaspidae] whose peculiar armoured forms 
indicate a low stage of organization. 
Clmut, Zoology (trans.), p. 177. 
armorer, armourer (ar'mor-er), n. [Second 
form now usual in England ; < ME. armorer, ar- 
merer, armurer, < AF. armurer, OF. arnmrier (F. 
armurier), < armure, armor: see armor and -er.] 
1. Formerly, a maker of or an expert in armor; 
hence, one who had the care of the arms and 
armor of a knight or man-at-arms, and equipped 
him for action. 
The armourers, accomplishing the knights, 
With busy hammers closing rivets up, 
Give dreadful note of preparation. 
Shak., Hen. V., iv. (cho.X 
Riding further past an armorer's, 
Who, with back turn'd, and bow'd above his work, 
Sat riveting a helmet on his knee. Tennyson, Geraint. 
2. In modern use, a manufacturer or custodian 
of military arms ; specifically, one who has the 
supervision of any collection or equipment of 
arms. The armorer of a ship has charge of the arms, 
