arson 
arco(n-), and corruptly urctio(n-), a saddle-bow, 
< L. arcus, a bow: see <Y'l, rtrc/i 1 .] A saddle- 
bow; sometimes, a saddle. 
arstt, adr. A Middle Knglish form of erst. 
Chaucer. 
arsy-versyt (iir'se-ver-si), adt: [Also ar.ii-- 
rfr.ii/, <ir.iii--i-i-i:-iii', nr.ii/-rtirn//, a humorous rim- 
ing compound of K. aria- 4- L. n-rxii.i, turned. 
Cf. toii.il/-lnrri/, etc.] In a reverse manner or 
way: backward; in a preposterous position; 
upside down ; topsy-turvy : as. "the world goes 
tir,iii--ri-r.ii<-," Hi nri initn. Passengers' Dialogues. 
I took tin' pen first "t' tin- la\er. and turning it />// 
n-rsii. likr n.. instrument fin- a ploughman, our youngster 
and the rest m iln- tact inn burst into laughter at tin- sim 
plieity "1 m> lingering. 
Mi.l:/l:l:,,l. Kiltller II I I I ll MltTS THlfll. 
art 1 (iirt), r. [< MK. <irt,,-rt, < AS. ,;/ = ( >North. 
V, ///< : see / . I The second person singular, 
indicative mood. present tense, of the verb In 
( which see). 
art 2 (iirt), a. [< MK. <irl, nrli, < OF. ttrt, F. nrt 
Sp. Pg. It. tirlr, < \i. nr(t-)s, ace. artem, skill, 
prol). orig. skill in titling or joining; akin to 
nrt iix, a joint, tirnni, arms, tiriintx. shoulder- 
joint, etc., < \/ *ar, join: see article, iinn 1 , 
firiii~.~\ 1. The combination or modification of 
things to adapt them to a given end; the em- 
ployment of given means to effect a purpose. 
With each Kilt i'f imturt 1 ami of art. 
/'..;... Mural Essays, 1. 192. 
Mr. Milt Buys, ".lit is Imt tin: employment of the lowers 
of nature for alt end." Yes ; but the employment is the art. 
That use or employment of the natural elements is pre- 
cisely the function of the intelligence and the will, which 
'liUrrs l' rom nature, in its proper sense, as the active dif- 
fers triim tlic passive. Edinburgh Rev. 
2. Skill; dexterity; an especial facility iu per- 
forming any operation, intellectual or physical, 
acquired by experience or study; knack. 
There is n,-t in roasting eggs. Old ada'ie. 
Russell had the art of writing letters that exploded like 
bomb-shells in the midst of some controversy. 
./. McCarthy, Hist. Own Times, XX. 
3. Artfulness; cunning. 
She hath no faults, who hath the art to hide them. 
1C, -hxtcr, White Devil, v. >. 
ijiii-cn. More matter, with less art. 
l'i>l. Madam, I swear, I use no art at all. 
Shak., Hamlet, ii. >. 
4. A system of rules and traditional methods 
for facilitating the performance of certain ac- 
tions; acquaintance with such rules or skill 
in applying them, as in any manual trade or 
handicraft, technical profession, or physical 
accomplishment : as, the art of building or of 
engraving; the healing art; the art of music 
or of dancing ; the practical or the elegant artu: 
in this sense opposed to scii-im . 
The object of science is knowledge ; the objects of art 
arc works. In art, truth Is the means to an end ; in sci- 
ence, it is only the end. Hence the practical arts are not 
to be classed among the sciences. Wheu-ell. 
Theorists, by ail observation of particulars and by gener- 
alizing on them, attempt to construct a system of scientific 
propositions with respect to a certain subject : upon which 
system a set of rules intended for the guidance of practice 
may be founded. These rules form an art. 
NI'I- H. ('. Lfirin, Authority in Matters of opinion, iii. 
6. [It. artf.'] An organized body of men prac- 
tising a given trade, and carrying out an estab- 
lished system of rules and traditions; a guild. 
The city [Florence] was first divided into art*, in the 
time of Charles I. ... These arts or companies . . . 
ere at first but twelve, but afterwards they were in- 
creased to twenty-one, and arrived at such power and 
authority that in a few years they wholly engrossed the 
government of the city. . . . Seven of them were called 
the greater arts, and fourteen the less. 
J. Ada tux, Works, V. 54. 
A portion of the taxes wag assigned to the work (build- 
ing tne Duomo, 1331], and the charge of it was committed 
to the Art of Wool ; that is, to the corporation of the deal- 
ers in wool, the richest and most powerful of the A //* i if 
Florence. 
C. E. Xnrii,ii. Cbinrh-building in Middle Ages, p. 211. 
6. A branch of learning regarded as an instru- 
ment of thought, or as something the knowledge 
of which is to be acquired in order to be applied 
or practised : chiefly in the plural, and in such 
phrases as master of arts, faculty of arts, etc. 
Formerly in the universities the seven liberal arts were 
the Roman trlvium, grammar, logic, and rhetoric, and the 
I'ythagorean quadrivinm, arithmetic, music, geometry, and 
astronomy. Hut by art, in the middle ages, was usually 
meant logic, that being the principal study in the faculty 
of arts. 
7. Esthetics; the science and theory of beauty 
in perception and expression. 
A/-I is simply tin 1 harmonic expression of human emo- 
tion. \en- Princeton Rev., II. 29. 
8. Artistic or esthetic quality; the exhibition 
of the ]io\ver of perceiving the beautiful and of 
expressing it in artistic forms: as, a picture 
323 
skilfully painted, tint devoid of tirt. 9. The 
actual production or construction of objn-t.-, 
beautiful in form, color, or sound ; the practi- 
cal application of esthetic principles, as in the 
department! of production specifically culled 
the Jiiif iirln (which see, below); especially, 
painting and sculpture. 
Nothing is better founded than the famous aphorism of 
rhetoricians, that the perfection of art i-onsists in eon 
cealing <n-t. i''iii</il'll. 
Art and part, in >'< "'.< Inn-, m.-tigatioii ; abetment. 
By nrt is understood the mandate, instigation, or advice 
that may have lieen given towards committHfl tile ci inn : 
l<rt expresses the share that one takes to himself in it \,\ 
II id or assistance which he gives the criminal in the 
execution of it. Krstiil'-. 
Bachelor of Arts. See bgoMor. Black art, i 
niancy : s"iver> ; the fancied poMcrot 1 performing wnnder 
Mil 1 1 MI- M preternatural means, especially means deri\iil 
trom the assistance of the powers uf evil : opposed to "7"'* 
ni-t or iiiiiti' iini'iii-, that is, innocent luau'ie. \Hlin-k "it is 
a kind of translation o! Middle Latin ni'ii-fn'ttntin, magie, 
a rorruptiiiu. <lne to confusion Mitll Latin nw'V, black (see 
".///"), i'l il'<-i'"n:<lnti<l, from till' Creek veKpotULirrfi.il. lie'' 
romancy. The confusion was assisted by the cuiiinnni 
practice of painting the devil black.] Decorative art, 
that branch of art which has for its primary olijeet m< i > 1\ 
the pleasure of the eye. especially in deeoration which is 
subservient to architectural features or to form, as iu 
ceramics. Faculty Of arts, thcloMcst and fundamental 
faculty of tin tour in the old linhersitics ; the faculty of 
philosophy, which had charge of students upon their first 
entrance and until they took the degree of master of arts. 
When a liny eould read, write, and had mastered the ele- 
ments of Uitin grammar, he was considered ready to begin 
his studies in logic at the university. The instruction in 
the faculty of arts was sharply separated from the tests 
preliminary to the conferring of degrees. In the middle 
ages the subjects of the ordinary lectures were Priscian's 
grammar, the Isagoge of Porphyry, Aristotle's Organon, 
and the \>e Uivisione and three books of the Topics of 
Boetius, while the extraordinary lectures related to rhet- 
oric, ethics, and a little geometry and astronomy. Fre- 
quent disputations constituted the only exercises for the 
scholars ; and the musters disputed in public once a week. 
The degrees conferred at the recommendation of the fac- 
ulty of arts were those of bachelor and master. In Paris 
the degree of licentiate was a distinct one intermediate 
between the others. The baccalaureate or determinance 
was not originally a degree. Upon the reform of the uni- 
versities In the sixteenth century logic gave place to the 
In i inanities, and during the present century natural science 
has had a more considerable place in the instruction. 
Fine arts, those arts which seek expression through 
beautiful modes; specifically, architecture, sculpture. 
painting, and engraving. Hermetic art. See lieriui-ti'i: 
Master of Arts, see matter. Military art. *<> mil- 
itary, a. Plastic art or arts, sculpture, including all 
subordinate or related arts by which objects are repre- 
sented in the round or in relief. Work Of art, anything 
in the formation or into the accomplishment of which art 
in any sense has entered; specifically, a production of 
any one of the fine arts, but especially of one of the imi- 
tative members of the group, as a statue or a painting. 
That is best which lieth nearest ; 
Shape from that thy u-ork uf art. 
LoiitfeUoic, (iaspar Becerra. 
= Syn. 2. Aptitude, readiness, address, tact, adroitness, 
contrivance. -- 3. shrewdness, subtlety, cunning, artifice, 
deceit, duplicity. 4. Art, Science. The essential differ- 
ence between an art and a science is in aim. "Science 
and "// may In- said to he investigations of truth, tint 
*i-!>- nt-e inquires for the sake of knowledge, art for the sake 
of production. "(A'flrs/rtAr.) Hence, they differ somewhat in 
that with which they are concerned. "An art directly and 
immediately concerns itself with a faculty. . . . It fastens 
upon that, ami keeps it ever in its view as it teaches how 
that may be developed, trained, and guided. A science. 
on theother hand, regards rather the produetof |a] faculty, 
anil, keeping its view directly upon that, proceeds to unfold 
its nature ami proper characteristics." (//. .V. Dati, Art of 
Discourse, ft 1.) Incidental to this difference is a differ- 
ence in method, science being analytic and critical, while 
art is synthetic and constructive. In the matter which 
makes up the iMuly of the two, an art involves the means 
of discipline in the use of the knowledge which may have 
been furnished by a corresponding science. The same 
branch of knowledge may be regarded as either a science 
or an art. It may be viewed theoretically, as seeking, 
coordinating, arranging, and systematizing knowledge, 
and by observation, comparison, abstraction, and general- 
ization deducing laws: or as. with more or less reference 
to such preparatory work, framing rules which are the 
lessons of experience, and are designed to facilitate work 
or give it superior excellence. The more complete Un- 
scientific basis of an art. the more perfect the art. There is 
a secondary use of the word science, by which it stands for 
an art that thus rests upon a science, as in the following : 
The fundamental conception of the occupation of the 
architect embraces the two ideas of science and art. Ar- 
chitecture as an art is the work of the skilled hand : as a 
.-'/-/iiv, it is that of the informed and cultivated brain. 
Edinburgh Her. 
art s t, c. t. [ME. arteii, ertfn, < OF. artrr = Sp. 
tirtar (obs.) = Pg. arctar = It. artare, < L. ar- 
tttrc, ML. often erroneously arctare, compress, 
contract, draw close, < artus, drawn close, prop, 
fitted; pp. of "arere, -\/ "ar, fit, join: see art-, 
article, arm' 2 , etc.] 1. To force; compel; con- 
strain. 
Love arted me to do my observaunce 
To his estate. Court of Love, 1. 4. 
2. To induce; incite. 
What to nrlfn hire to love he sought. 
Chaucer, Troilua, i. :)K,V 
Also written aret. 
Artemisia 
-art. A suffix, another form of -uril, as in 
i/url, 
artaba (iir'ta-liii), . [LL., < (ir. 11/iTii.ii/.] A 
uro of capacity which appears to have 
originated iu Kgypt, where it had under the 
Pharaohs a capacity of l!6.176 liters. v ivisi.m 
lr ,if file same name llail, aernniili'-' In HiTiilotUs. 
alnillt the saliH i-apaeit>. The I:.. man- reduced its vol- 
u to -.'7.1:12 liters (according t" some, to --".i.'i! or _>..; 
liter-.), 'flu- Araliii ami modern Persian measures have 
e\idi ntly been doubled, having respectively Ml.lHW! and 
Artamia (iir-ta'nii-ji), . [NL.l Same as Ar- 
1 1 nn us, 1. 
Artamidae (iii'-tam'i-<le). /i. ///. [NL.,<.-ir//- 
+ -ii/ir.] A family of oscine passerine birds. 
i lie swallow -shrikes or wood-swallows, closely 
related to the llii-rnriilii', and by some combined 
with that family. The species arc chiefly East Indian 
and Col) nesiaii. leading forms, behides Ai-lnnnis, are 
O,'/i,//'/. /'..ri"/'.-7i,'/i',/i,/;. anil .{/>'llri/in... 
artamockest, . The mocking-bird, .)///* 
polyglotttu. 
ArtaiiKifkf. the linguist, a bird that imitatetb and tisrth 
the sounds and tones of almost all the birds in the 
trie. lln,-riiitt. Virginia (1588). 
Artamus (iir'ta-mus). . [XL., < (Jr. a/ira/un; 
a butcher, a cook.] 1. The typical genus of 
the family Artamiilii; and nearly conterminous 
therewith. Fieillttt, 1816. Also called Artamia. 
2. A genus of arachuidans. Km-li. 1W. 
artedt (ar'ted), a. [< arft + -<?*.] Skilled. 
Those that are thoroughly arted iu navigation. 
l-\-lthain, Kesolves(ed. 170), I. xll. 
It hath lieen counted ill for great ones to sing, or play, 
like an iirted musician. 
frltham. Resolves (ed. 1670), I. Ixxxvlii. 
artefact, . and . See artifart. 
artefactum (ar-te-fak'tum), n. Same as arti- 
fact. 
artelllet, . A Middle English form of, artillery. 
l 'In nicer. 
Artemia (iir-te'mi-ii), n. [NL., < Gr. afrrr//jii, 
that which hangs, as an ear-ring, etc., < aprm>, 
hang upon, fasten to.] A genus of phyllopod 
or branchiopod entomostracous crustaceans, of 
the family Branchipodida: The animals are notable 
as inhabiting saline waters, the other forms of the group 
l>eing found in fresh water. A. salina, a common British 
species, is known as the brine-shrimp or brine-wnu. 
Artemis (ar'te-mis), n. [L., < Gr. "Aprc/jtc. The 
origin of the 'name is undetermined.] 1. In 
Gr. myth., one of the great Olympian deities, 
daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) and Leto (Latona), 
and twin sister of Apollo, she may be regarded as 
a feminine form of Apollo. She chastised evil with her 
keen shafts and with deadly sickness, and also protected 
mortals from danger and |>estilence. Vnlikc AjHjllo, she- 
was not connected with poetry or divination, but. like 
him. she was a deity of light, and to her was attributed 
Artemis ( Diana ) 11 
authority over the moon, which belonged more particular- 
ly to her kinswomen Hecate and Selene. In art, Artemis 
is represented as a virgin of noble and severe Iwauty, tall 
and majestic, and generally bearing IHJW and quiver as the 
huntress or mountain goddess. She was identified by the 
Romans with their Diana, an original Italian divinity. 
2. [NL.] In zool. : (a) A genus of siphonate 
lamellibranch bivalves, of the family Venerida: 
having the pallia! margin sinuous, (ft) A genus 
of coleopterous insects. Mulsant, 1851. Ephe- 
sian Artemis. See Diana. 
Artemisia (ar-te-miz'i-a), . [L., < Gr. apre- 
/uaia, an herb like wormwood; prob. < 'Aprefii- 
atof, pertaining to "\pTefitc,: see Artemis.] A 
very large genus of plants, of the natural order 
' SMMMtML abundant iu dry regions, and mostly 
i d' the northern hemisphere. Thegenusis allied t< 
