arthroderm 
arthroderm (iir'thro-dcrm), M. [< Gr. 
a, joint, + ofp/ta, skin.] The crust or body-wall 
of an articulate animal, as the shell of a crab 
or the integument of an insect. A. - s '. /V'r/.viri/. 
arthrodia (ar-thro'di-ii), /<.; pi. iiriliniiliit i -e <. 
[NL., < Gr. I'lptl/mAin, a particular kind of artic- 
ulation, (.apBp&ilK, articulated, < I'l/ill/im, a joint, 
+ elAm;, form.] A gliding joint ; a movable ar- 
ticulation formed by piano or nearly plane sur- 
faces which slide upon each other to some ex- 
tent, as in the articulations of the carpus: a 
form of diarthrosis. Also called niliirtii-iiliitinn. 
Double arthrodia. Same as in,ii>ln<!iai-tlii-<txi*. 
arthrodial (iir-thro'di-al), a. |X iirtliroiliii + 
-at.] 1. Pertaining to or characterized by an 
arthrodia. 2. Of or pertaining to arthrosis: 
concerned in the jointing or articulation of 
parts, especially of limbs. Arthrodial apophy- 
Blfl, in ('ruxttt<'<', that process of an endosternite or endo- 
plcnritc which enters into the formation of an articular 
cavity of a limb. 
The endoplenritc . . . divides into three apophyses. 
one descending or iirllinntitrt, and two which pass nearly 
horizontally inwiint. Iluxli-tf, Anat. Invert., p. 2(ii. 
arthrodic (iir-throd'ik), a. Same as artliniilial. 
arthrodynia (Ur-thro-din'i-a), . [NL., < Gr. 
I'ipiipm', a joint, + ooViv/, pain.] Pain in a joint; 
arthralgia. 
arthrodynic (iir-thro-din'ik), a. [< art/troili/niit 
+ -if.] Relating to arthrodynia, or pain in a 
joint; arthralgic. 
Arthrogastra (ar-thro-gas'tra), n. pi. [NL., < 
Gr. apti/wv, a joint, 4- yaari/p, belly.] A division 
of the class Arachniila, including the scorpions 
and their allies, as distinguished from spiders 
and mites. See cut under Seorpioiiitla. 
The Artln-<iftxtni, or scorpions and pseudo-scorpions, 
exhibit, in many respects, extraordinarily close resem- 
blances to the \l ero -tomata among the Crustacea. 
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 320. 
Arthrogastres (iir-thro-gas'trez), n. pi. [NL., 
as Artliriii/n.itrii.] Same as .Irtlir/ii/nstra. 
arthrography (itr-throg'ra-fi), n. [< Gr. aptipov, 
a joint, + -jpa^Hi, < ypatuv, write, describe.] In 
aunt., a description of the joints. 
arthrology (itr-throl'0-ji), it. [< Gr. apBpnv, a 
joint, -I- -f-oyia, < 'Atyetv, speak: see -ology.] 1. 
The knowledge of the joints ; that part of anat- 
omy which relates to the joints. 2f. Finger- 
speech for the deaf and dumb ; dactylology. 
arthromere (iir' thro-mer), . [< Gr. apffpov, a 
member, joint, + ulpof, a part.] In zoiil., the 
ideal single ring of a series of which any artic- 
ulate animal is composed; a zoonule, zoonite, 
or somite of an articulated invertebrate animal. 
The typical arthromere consists of a tergite, a pair of 
pleurites, and a sternite, or an upper piece, two lateral 
pieces, and an under piece. 
arthron (iir'thron), n. ; pi. arthra (-thra). [NL., 
< Gr. aptipov, a joint (of the body) ; in grammar, 
the article; akin to equiv. L. artux: see artus 
and article.] In anat., a joint or an articula- 
tion of any kind. 
arthroneuralgia (iir'thro-nu-ral' ji-a), n. [NL., 
< Gr. aptipov, a joint, + NL. neuralgia.] Neu- 
ralgia of a joint. 
arthropathy (iir-throp'a-thi), . [< Gr. ap6/mv, 
a joint, + Toft>f, suffering.] Disease of a joint. 
arthrophragm (iir'thro-fram), n. [< Gr. apffpov, 
a joint, + ^pay-pa, a fence, screen, < <j>paaaeiv, 
fence in, stop up. Cf. diaphragm.] An articu- 
lar diaphragm ; a septum or partition between 
certain articulations, as in the crawfish. See 
extract. 
All four apodemes lie in the ventral half of the somite 
and form a single transverse series; consequently there 
are two nearer the middle line, which are termed the en- 
dosternites, and two further off, which are the endopleu- 
rites. The former lie at the inner, and the latter at the 
outer ends of the partitions or arthrophrayms ... be- 
tween the articular cavities for the basal Joints of the 
limbs, and they spring partly from the latter and partly 
from the sternum and the epimera respectively. 
Huxley, Crayfish, p. 168. 
arthropleura (iir-thro-pl6'ra), n.; pi. arthro- 
plrunr (-re). [NL.] Same as arthropleure. 
arthropleure (iir'thro-plor), n. [< NL. arthro- 
pleura, < Gr. afidpov,' a joint, -I- nfavpa, side.] 
The pleural, lateral, or limb-bearing portion 
of the arthroderm of articulated animals; the 
portion of any arthromere between the tergite 
and the storuite. 
arthropod (Sr'thro-pod), . and a. [< NL. arthro- 
IIHX (-poil-), pi. arthropoda, q. v., < Gr. apBpov, 
a joint, + Troi'f (iroii-) = E. foot.] I. 11. A 
jointed invertebrate animal with jointed legs; 
one of the Arthropoda. 
II. n. Arthropodous; pertaining to or hav- 
ing the characters of the Arthropoda. 
Among the Crustacea the simplest stage of the Arthro- 
pod body is seen in the Nauplins-fonn. 
(i<-;/ftih(iitr, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 234. 
325 
Arthropoda (iir-throp'o-dij), ii. jil. [NL.. pi. 
of nrthrni>iii< (-/'-): see iirtliroiMiil.] 1. One 
of two prime divisions ( Anartkropoda being I lie 
other) into which a siibkingdom Amiiiliixti has 
been divided. [t contains bilateral segmented alii 
N 1:1 U with articulated le^s. 1 approximately corresponds 
to the "articulated all 'nials "i 1 ' 1 articulated legs"ofru- 
vicr. as euntrasled with his other division i 1 
Arfirnlntti, or with the <'aii,l,i("iHl,i of Lain ille. >it with 
the <:nntliintil or Ai-tlu'>t-'t ,I -om,- i.thrr nat Inali.-ts. 
2. In more modern and exact usage, one of 
the phyla, subkingdoms, or main types of the 
Mi-tnyia, containing the articulated, inverte- 
brate, non-ciliated animals with articulated 
limbs, a ganglionic nervous system, oviparous 
reproduction, and generally separate sexes. 
The phylum is divided by nearly common consent in to the 
four great classes Iit*< '>', Ant, -Imi'ln. ami 
i ,,< ,t<, ,-,''i. and contains the vast majority (alx)Ut four 
fifths) of the animal kingdom, in numbers Imtll of S|M ei,-> 
and of individuals. 
The Ai-ltn i "/ l nil,t, with more than L'OO.IHKI species, vary 
to such an extent that little can be said applicable to the 
whole group. Of all lavertclirata the) are the most ad- 
vanced in the development of the organs {iccnliar t<> an! 
nial life, manifested in the powers of lunpiimtiMii, and in 
the instincts which are so varied and so wonderful in the 
insect class. PfMM, /ool. Class., p. 70. 
arthropodan (iir-throp'o-dan), a. [< artliro- 
IHII! + -mi.] Same as arthrojiodoiis. 
arthropodous (iir-throp'o-dus), . [< arthropod 
+ -ous.] Of or pertaining to the Artlirupmln ; 
having jointed legs (among in vertebrates) ; con- 
dylopodous; arthrozoic. Also gnathopodous. 
Arthropomata (ar-thro-po'ma-ta), . pi. [NL., 
< Gr. apffpov, a joint, + iruua, pi. jroi,uara, a lid.] 
One of two orders into which the class lirachio- 
]iinlit is generally divided, the other being IAJO- 
pomatu : synonymous with Apyyia and Articu- 
latu, (b). 
arthropomatous (ar-thro-po'ma-tus), a. [< 
Arthropomata + -ous.] Pertaining to or hav- 
ing the characters of the Arthropomata. 
Arthropteridae (ar-throp-ter'i-de), H. ;>/. [NL., 
< Arthrupterun + -ida;.] A family of heterop- 
terous insects, chiefly of the Orient, Africa, 
and the Pacific islands, including a large num- 
ber of flat wide forms, mostly of a polished 
black color variously marked with yellow. 
arthropterous (ar-thrpp'te-rus), a. [< NL. ar- 
thrnpterus, adj., < Gr. apSpo'v, a joint, 4- trrepov, a 
wing, fin. ] Having jointed rays, as a fin of a fish. 
Arthropterus (iir-throp'te-ms), n. [NL. : see 
arthropterous.] 1. The typical genus of the 
family Arthropterida". Macleay, 1839. 2. A 
genus of fishes. Agassis, 1843. 
arthroses, n. Plural of arthrosis. 
arthrosia (ar-thrp'zi-a), n. [NL. (cf. arthrosis), 
< Gr. aptipov, a joint.] Arthritis, 
arthrosis (iir-thro'sis), n.; pi. arthroses (-sez). 
[NL., < Gr. apffpuaic, a jointing, < apdpoetv, apBpow, 
fasten by a joint, < apff/mv, a joint.] In anat. : 
(a) A suture; an articulation; a joining or 
jointing of bones or cartilages otherwise than 
by ankylosis. Arthrosis is divisible into three principal 
categories: (1) Synarthrosis ; (2) amphiarthrosis ; (3) diar- 
throsis. See these words. (6) The result of articu- 
lation ; a joint ; an arthron ; a node. 
arthrospore (iir'thro-spor), H. [< Gr. aptipov, a 
joint, + mropof, seed.] In bot., one of a number 
of spores united together in the form of a string 
of beads, formed by fission, and characteristic 
of various low fungi and algee. 
arthrosporic (ar-thro-spor'ik), a. Same as ar- 
throsporous. 
arthrosporous (iir-thros'po-rus), a. [< NL. ar- 
throsporus : see arthrospore and -oux.] Produ- 
cing arthrospores. 
arthrosterigma (iir ' thro -ste- rig 'ma), .; pi. 
arthrosteriijmata (-ma-tii). [NL., < Gr. afjOpor, 
a joint, + arfiptyfia, a support, < aTi/pi$eiv, set 
fast, support, prop, < V' "ara, stand.] In bot., 
the jointed sterigma which occurs in the sper- 
magonium of many lichens. 
Arthrostraca (iir-thros'tra-kii), n. pi. [NL., < 
Gr. apffpov, a joint, + oarpaKov, a shell.] 1. In 
Gegenbaur's system of classification, one of two 
prime divisions of malacostracous crustaceans 
(the other being Thoracostraca), corresponding 
approximately to the edriophthalmous or ses- 
sile-eyed crustaceans of other authors, and di- 
vided into the three orders Amphipoda, Ltc- 
minlipoda, and Isopoda.-^-Q. In Burmeister's 
system of classification, one of three orders of 
Crustacea (the other two being Aspidostraca 
and Thoracostraca), divided into nine lesser 
groups. 
arthrostracous (ar-thros'tra-kus), a. Pertain- 
ing to or having the characters of the Arthros- 
traca. 
artichoke 
arthrotome (iir'thro-tom), . [< Gr. fi/M/mf, a 
joint, 4- ro.Hw;, i-utting: tee anatomy.] A car- 
tilage-knife ; a strong scalpel, two-edged fora 
part of its cutting length, and having a rough- 
ened steel handl ntinuous with the blade. 
It is Used ill .lisserti-.li fi>|- rut I lit:; ea! IjlaLIC, 'lisal 1 ielllatitlX 
joints, ami other rough work. 
Any thick- 1 -la- led scalpel may be ground into a tolerable 
<lfll/,.' Wil.h - n, ,'li;ni.\ \ll;it. {> .-ll 
arthrotomy (iir-throt'o-mi), H. [< (ir. ii/iH/iHi', a, 
joint, -t- rofii], a cutting: see anatomy.] In 
xiiri/., incision into a joint. 
Arthrozoa (iir-thro-/,o'ii), //. t >l. [NL., < Gr. 
ii/X'/<r, a joint, -I- iifov, an animal.] One of six 
series of animals into which the MI t<i:n have 
been dixided: equivalent to ArthnijMndi to- 
gether with \i-iuiittim-nlinx and probably Cha;- 
liii/ a nl/id. 
arthrozoic (iir-thro-zo'ik), a. Relating to or 
having the characters of the Artlini-ou. Arthro- 
zoic series, a gradation of animals i, pi e-entt >i hy the 
yenutoteol&umd A i-tl<r< >^><lit . tii.m the Inue^t uematoidrt 
(o the hi^he.-t arthropods, \liiflvy. 
Arthurian (iir-thfi'ri-an), a. [< Arthur, ML. 
form Artlniriix, representing W. Artur.] Of or 
pertaining to King Arthur, one of the last Cel- 
tic chiefs of Britain (the hero of a great litera- 
ture of poetic fable, and whose actual existence 
has been questioned), or to the legends con- 
nected with him and his knights of the Round 
Table. 
Arthurian legend is not, and never has been, to the Eng- 
lish national mind what the myths which supplied the sub- 
jects of Attic tragedy were to the Greek. 
A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 122. 
artiad (iir'ti-od), n. and a. [< Gr. aprtof, even, 
+ -arfl.] I. n. 1. In them., an atom whose 
quantivalence is expressed by an even number, 
as the atoms of sulphur, oxygen, etc. See pe- 
rissad. 2. In zool., an even-toed ungulate 
quadruped ; a cloven-footed ruminant animal ; 
one of the Artioilactyla : opposed to perissad. 
See cut under Artiodactyla. 
II. n. In cite HI., having the nature of an ar- 
tiad: as, oxygen is an artiad element, 
artichoke (ar'ti-chok), . [Introduced in the 
16th century, the two normal forms (after the 
It. ) artichocke, ar- 
chichock, mixing 
with artichoti, ar- 
tichowe, artichav, 
artichault, etc., 
after the F., in 
numerous forms, 
varying initially 
arti-, arte-, arto-, 
harti-, harlc-, ar- 
chi-, archy-, arch-, 
and terminal- 
ly -chol', -choke, 
-choek, -choalt, 
-chough, -chooke, 
etc. (simulating 
E. heart, L. hortus, 
garden, E. choke, 
as if that which 
' chokes ' the gar- 
den or the heart) ; 
cf. D. artisjok, 
Dan. artiskok, Sw. 
lirttikocka, G. ar- 
tischocke, Russ. artishokii, Bohem. artichok, ar- 
ti/chok, Pol. karesoek, with F. artiehaut (formerly 
also artichau, -chault, -chaud, -chou, etc.), ML. 
articoccus, articoctus, articactus, all from Sp. or 
It. ; < It. (north, dial. ) artifiocco, arciciocco, ar- 
chiciocco, arciocco, also arcieioffo, archicioffo, for 
"alcarcioffo ; also simply carciocco, carcioffo, 
mod. It. carcioffo, carciofo, Sp. alcarchofa, now 
alcaehofa, alcuchoj'era, Pg. alcochofra, < Sp. Ar. 
al-kharshofa (Pedro de Alcala), al-kharsliuf 
(Bocthor), < Ar. al, the, + kharshofa, kharshif 
(with initial khd, 7th letter), also harshfif (in 
Bagdad Newman), harshaf (Freytag; Pers. 
harshaf Richardson) (with initial hd, 6th let- 
ter), an artichoke. The Ar. ardi-shauki (Diez), 
erdushauke (in Aleppo Newman), Pers. arda- 
shiihi, Hind, hiithi chak, are adaptations of the 
European forms (appar. simulating Ar. r7i, 
erdh, Pers. ard, ar;, ground, earth, Ar. shauk, 
thorn, Pers. shah, king. Hind, hdthi, an ele- 
phant).] The Cynara Scolymun, a plant of the 
natural order Composite; somewhat resembling 
a thistle, with large divided prickly leaves. The 
erect flower-stem terminates in a large round head of nu- 
merous imbricated oval spiny scales which surround the 
flowers. The fleshy bases of the scales with the large recep- 
tacle are used as food. Artichokes were introduced into 
a Scoljrmus). 
flowering head. 
