artichoke 
Europe earlv in the sixteenth century. Jerusalem arti- 
choke [corruption of It. gimsole. artiaiooto, Bunflower-ar- 
tichoke], the lli'li<intlni* tulii'i-iixiis. a species i.f BUnflOWaT, 
native- of Canail:i anil the upper Mississippi valle.v. It was 
cultivated by the aborigines for its sweet and farinaceous 
tuberous roots, and as introduced at an early date into 
Europe, where it is raised in considerable quantities as 
an article of food. The plant was long believed to be a 
native of Brazil, and it is only recently that its true origin 
has been ascertained. 
article (ar'ti-kl), n. [< ME. wSete, < OF. arti- 
cle, F 1 . iii-ticlc = Sp. urtlntlo = Pg. tirticiilo (in 
anat. and bot.), artiyo = It. articolo, artifiilo, <. 
L. articultig, a joint, limb, member, part, divi- 
sion, the article in grammar, a point of time; 
prop. dim. of artux, a joint, akin to (jr. fyjBpov, a 
joint, article, < \f*ar, fit, join: see arm 1 , (inn-, 
art 2 , etc.] If. A joint connecting two parts 
of the body. 2. One of the parts thus con- 
nected; a jointed segment or part. 
The first pair of legs [of the whip-scorpion) is the long- 
est, and the tarsal joint is broken up into a long series of 
itrtirl''*. Stand. Sat. Hint., II. 122. 
3. In bot., the name formerly given to that 
part of a stalk or stem which is between two 
joints. Hence 4. A separate member or por- 
tion of anything. In particular (a) A clause, 
item, point, or particular in a contract, treaty, 
or other formal agreement ; a condition or stip- 
ulation in a contract or bargain : as, articles of 
association ; articles of apprenticeship. 
'Tis direct 
Against our article*. 
B. Jnnmn, Alchemist, v. 2. 
(6) A distinct proposition in a connected series ; 
one of the particulars constituting a system: 
as, the Thirty -nine Articles; the articles of re- 
ligion. 
A Minister should preach according to the Articles of 
Religion Established in the Church where he Is. 
SMen, Table-Talk, p. 72. 
Cried amen to my creed's one article. 
Brtrtmtnff, Ring and Book, II. 256. 
(c) A separate clause or provision of a statute : 
as, the act of the six articles (see below), (rf) 
A distinct charge or count : as, articles of im- 
peachment, (e) A distinct item in an account 
or a list. (/) One of a series of regulations : as, 
the articles of war. 5. A literary composition 
on a specific topic, forming an independent por- 
tion of a book or literary publication, especially 
of a newspaper, magazine, review, or other 
periodical: as, an article on war, or on earth- 
quakes and their causes. 6. A material thing 
as part of a class, or, absolutely, a particular 
substance or commodity : as, an article of 
merchandise; an article of clothing; salt is a 
necessary article. 7. A particular immaterial 
thing ; a matter. 
Where nature has bestowed a show of nice attention in 
the features of a man, he should laugh at it as misplaced. 
1 have seen men, who in this vain article, perhaps might 
rank above you. Sheridan. The Rivals, iii. 2. 
8f. A concern ; a piece of business ; a subject. 
9. A point or nick of time joining two suc- 
cessive periods; a juncture; a moment; the 
moment or very moment. [Now rare or obso- 
lete except in the phrase in the article of death 
(which see, below).] 
Could my breath 
Now execute 'em, they should not enjoy 
An article of time. B. Jonsoii, Catiline, v. 6. 
This fatal newes coming to Hick's Hall upon the article 
of my Lord Russel's trial was said to have had no little in- 
fluence on the jury and all the bench to his prejudice. 
Evelyn. 
An infirm building just in the article of falling. 
Wollaston, Relig. of Nat., v. 99. 
10f. The number 10, or any number ending in 
a cipher. 11. In gram., a word used attribu- 
tively to limit the application of a noun to 
one individual or set of individuals, and also 
to indicate whether the noun used signifies 
indefinitely one or any one of the class which 
it names, or definitely a specific object of 
thought. The two articles are regarded as a distinct 
part of speech. They are in English an (before conso- 
nant-sounds a) and the. An was originally the same word 
as "//<-. and in meaning is an unemphatic any ; it singles 
out an individual as an example of a class, any other 
member of the class being capable of serving as example 
equally well. A or an is accordingly called the indefinite 
article. The was originally a demonstrative pronoun, 
and in meaning is an unemphatic this or that ; it points 
out a particular individual or set of individuals, and 
is consequently known as the definite article. Articles 
may therefore be regarded as a specialized and segregated 
class of pronouns. Some languages, as Latin, have no 
articles ; others, as Hebrew and Greek, have the definite 
article only. The indefinite article is always of later for- 
mation than the definite. [The name article is a trans- 
lation of the word apQpov, joint, which was applied by 
the Greek grammarians to the one article of that lan- 
guage (the definite), on account of its frequent use after 
the manner of a relative to join an adjective to a noun : 
926 
as ii-Vjp o i-yaSos, literally, man Hie ood, for (the) man 
who (is) good, that is, the good man.] - Articles of as- 
sociation, or articles of incorporation, the certifi- 
cate tiled, in conformity with a general law, by persons 
who desire to become a corporation, and setting forth the 
rules and conditions upon which the association or cor- 
poration is founded. Articles of Confederation. See 
eonfederatum. Articles of faith, the main or essential 
points of religious belief ; specifically, an authoritative and 
binding statement of such points as held by a particular 
church or denomination; a doctrinal creed. -Articles 
of impeachment, the accusations in writing which form 
the basis of an impeachment trial. They take the place 
of the iiulictinfiit in ordinary criminal, and of the declara- 
tion or cuitiptuiiit in civil, actions. Articles of Perth, 
five articles agreed upon at a General Assembly of the 
Church of Scotland convened by James VI. in 1618, en- 
joining certain episcopal observances, such as the observ- 
ance of feast-days, kneeling at the Lord's supper, etc. 
They were ratified by the Scotch Parliament in 1821, and 
became a subject of bitter controversy between the king 
and the people. Articles of the peace, an obligation 
to keep the peace for a certain time, under a penalty, and 
with or without sureties, imposed upon an individual 
against whom some one has exhibited a complaint that 
there is just cause to fear that the party complained of 
will burn the complainant's house or do him some bodily 
harm, or procure a third person to do it. Articles of 
Schmalkald, articles of Protestant faith drawn up by 
Luther, and submitted to a meeting of electors, princes, 
and states at Schmalkald (or Schmalkalden), Germany, 
in 1537, designed to show how far the Protestants were 
willing to go in order to avoid a rupture with Rome. 
Articles of war, a code of regulations for the govern- 
ment and discipline of the army and navy. In Great 
Britain they are embodied in the Mutiny Act, which is 
passed every year. The articles of war of the United 
States are 128 in number ; anything relating to the army 
not comprehended therein is published in general orders 
or in established regulations, issued from time to time 
by the War Department, copies of which are furnished 
and read to the troops. City article. Sec city. In the 
article of, in the matter of; as regards. 
As he [T. L. K. Oliphant] views matters, we have been 
steadily going down hill, in the article of our mother- 
tongue. F. Hall, N. A. Rev., CXIX. 321. 
Ill the article Of death (Latin, i/i articulu mortin), at 
the moment of death ; in the last struggle or agony. 
In the article of death, I give you my thanks, and pray 
for you. Steele, Tatler, No. 82. 
Lords of the Articles. See lord. Marriage articles. 
See mnrriwie. Memorandum articles. See memo- 
randum. The Five Articles and the Five Points, 
statements of the distinctive doctrines of the Arminians 
and Calvinists respectively, the former promulgated in 
1610 in opposition to the restrictive principles of the 
latter, which were sustained by the Synod of Dort in 
1619, and are the following: particular predestination, 
limited atonement, natural inability, irresistible grace, 
and the perseverance of saints. The discussion of these 
differences at that time is sometimes called the quiti- 
rjiiartieular controeerxy. The Lambeth Articles, nine 
articles drawn up in 1505 at Lambeth, England, intended 
to embody the Calvinistic doctrine respecting predes- 
tination, justification, etc. They were never approved by 
the church in any regular synod, and therefore pos- 
sess no ecclesiastical authority. The Six Articles, 
sometimes called the "whip with six strings," articles 
imposed by a statute (often called the Bloody Statute) 
passed in 1539, in the reign of Henry VIII. They de- 
creed the acknowledgment of transubstantiation, the 
sufficiency of communion in one kind, the obligation of 
vows of chastity, the propriety of private masses, celi- 
bacy of the clergy, and auricular confession. Acceptance 
of these six doctrines was made obligatory on all persons 
under the severest penalties. The act, however, was 
relaxed in 1544, and repealed by the Parliament of 1549. 
The Thirty-nine Articles, a statement of the par- 
ticular points of doctrine, thirty-nine in number, main- 
tained by the Church of England, first framed by an ecclesi- 
astical commission in forty -two articles (1552), and revised 
and promulgated in thirty-nine articles by a convocation 
held in London in 1562-63. With some alterations they 
were adopted by the Episcopal Church of Ireland in 
1635, and by the Scottish Episcopal Church in 1804, and. 
with certain modifications, by the Protestant Episcopal 
Church of the United States in 1801. The Twenty-five 
Articles, the doctrinal basis of the Methodiat Episcopal 
Church, substantially the Thirty-nine Articlesof the Church 
of England, with the omission of the 3d, 8th, 13th, 15th, 
17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, 23d, 26th, 29th, 33d, 34th, and 37th. 
They were originally framed by John Wesley, and, with 
some modification, were adopted, substantially as now 
held, in 1784. 
article (ar'ti-kl), v. ; pret. and pp. articled, ppr. 
articling. [< article, .] I. trans. 1. To state 
in detail ; particularize ; specify. [Rare.] 
If all his errors and follies were articled against him. 
Jer. Taylor, Holy Living (ed. 1727), p. 92. 
2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of 
articles or accusations. [Rare.] 
Wliat I have articled against this fellow 
I justify for truth. Middleton, Spanish Gipsy, v. 1. 
3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipula- 
tion : as, to article an apprentice. 
Il.t intrans. To agree by articles ; stipulate. 
Came Sir John Kiviet to article with me about his brick- 
work. Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 7, 1667. 
They have so articled with us. 
Maseinyer, The City Madam, ii. 3. 
Then he articled with her that he should go away when 
he pleased. Selden, Table-Talk. 
articular (ar-tik'u-lar), a. and n. [< L. articii- 
laris, pertaining to the joints, < articulus, a 
joint: see article.] I. a. 1. Belonging to or 
affecting an articulation or joint ; entering into 
articulate 
the composition of an articulation: as, the <n- 
ticukir surface of a bone ; an articular cartilage ; 
an articular disease. 2. In zoiil., articulate; 
specifically, of or pertaining to the Articulata. 
[Kare.] Articular bone, same as articulare. Ar- 
ticular eminence of the temporal hone, the cylindri 
ral elevation forming the anterior root of the zygoma in 
front of the slenoid fossa; the preglenoid process.- Ar- 
ticular process of the lower jaw, the process which 
is capped by the condyle. Also called <-<mil>/l"i<l y/ru<v.v*. 
II. n. Same as articulare. 
articulare (ar-fik-u-la're), n.; pi. urliriilann 
(-ri-a). [NL., ueut. of L. articularis : see articu- 
lar.'] A bone of the lower jaw of vertebrates 
below mammals, by means of which the jaw or 
mandible articulates with its suspeusorium. 
See cuts under acrorlotit, Cyclodus, and Gal- 
lince. 
articularly (ar-tik'ii-lar-li), adv. 1. In an ar- 
ticular manner. 2'. Articulately; article by 
article; in detail. Huloet. 
articulary (ar-tik'u-la-ri), . Articular. 
Articulated by a double ii 
tuiil and posterior frontal. 
arii bead with the mas- 
Knrne. Brit., XII. 642. 
Articulata (ar-tik-u-la'ta), n. pi. [NL., neut. 
pi. of L. articulate, jointed : see articulate.] In 
roo7., a name variously applied, (a) In curler's 
system of classification, the third prime division of the 
animal kingdom, including all segmented invertebrates 
in which the body is made up of a series of rings (meta- 
meres), is endowed with a ganglionated nervous system, 
and possesses distinct respiratory organs. It is divided 
into five classes, Crwttacea, Arazhnida, Insecta, Myria- 
poda, and Annelida. This division corresponds to the 
Annulom of some zoologists, but neither of these terms 
is now recognized by leading naturalists. Cuvier's first 
four classes of Articvlata are now made the phylum Ar- 
thropoda, while his Annelid?* are referred to another phy- 
lum, Verities, (b) One of two orders of Rrachiojwda. some- 
times styled the Arthro/Himnta (which see), the other order 
being called liutrtn-ulitta. It corresponds to the arthro- 
pomatmis llnn-hiofoflti, containing those brachiopods in 
which the shell is hinged, the mantle-lobes are not entirely 
free, and the intestine is ctecal. (c) One of two divisions 
of cyclostomatous polyzoans, containing the families Salt 
cornariidee and Cellulariidtr. : opposed to Inarticulata. (d) 
One of two divisions of eyelostomatous polyzoans, repre- 
sented by the family CrixiiAif. Also called Kadicnta. (e) 
One of two divisions of crinoids, the other being Tesitel- 
lata. 
articulate (iir-tik'u-lat), r. ; pret. and pp. ar- 
ticulated, ppr. articulatina. [< L. articulatus, 
pp. of articulare, divide into joints or members, 
utter distinctly, articulate, < articulits, a joint, 
article, etc. : see article."] I. trans. 1. To joint; 
unite by means of a joint : as, two pieces loose- 
ly articulated together. See articulation, 2. 
Plants . . . have many ways of articulating their parts 
with one another. //. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., 215. 
The delicate skeleton of admirably articulated and re- 
lated parts which underlies and sustains every true work 
of art, and keeps it from sinking on itself a shapeless heap, 
he [Carlyle] would crush remorselessly to come at the mar- 
row of meaning. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 123. 
2. To utter articulately; produce after the 
manner of human speech. 
The dogmatist knows not by what art he directs his 
tongue in articulating sounds into voices. 
Olanrille, Seep. Scl. 
3. To utter in distinct syllables 'or words. 4f. 
To formulate or set forth in articles ; draw up 
or state under separate heads. 
These things, indeed, you have articulated, 
Proclaim'd at market-crosses, read in churches. 
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 1. 
= Syn. 2 and 3. Pronounce, Enunciate, etc. (see utter); 
speak. 
II. intrans. 1. To form an articulation 
(with); connect (with): as, the ulna articu- 
lates with the humerus. 2. To utter articulate 
sounds ; utter distinct syllables or words : as, 
to articulate distinctly. 
It was the eager, inarticulate, uninstructed mind of the 
whole Norse people, longing only to become articulate, to 
go on articulating ever farther. Carlyle. 
3f. To enter into negotiations ; treat ; come to 
or make terms. 
Send us to Rome 
The best, with whom we may articaint:' 
For their own good, and ours. Shak.. Cor., i. 9. 
articulate (ar-tik'u-lat), a. and n. [< L. ar- 
tif itlatus, jointed, distinct (applied particularly 
to utterance), pp. of articulare : see articulate, 
i'.] T.. a,. 1. Jointed ; segmented ; articulated : 
as, an articulate limb; an articulate animal. 
2. Specifically, having the character of the Ar- 
ticulata. 3. Jointed by syllabic division; di- 
vided into distinct successive parts, like joints. 
by the alternation of opener and closer sounds, 
or the intervention of consonantal utterances 
(sometimes also of pause or hiatus) between 
vowel sounds : said of human speech-utterance, 
as distinguished from other sounds made by 
