arena 
horUoetal rtdge an the (ratal baM, 
(ban the arMl Areas Talaris, Ik* 
arch. 
Arcyid* (ar-a'i-de). . pf. pL.. < Jireyt + 
-t>f<r.] A family of orbitelarian spiders. 
Arcya (ar'sis), - [XL., < Qr. ifar, a net, a 
hunter's net, a hair-net: see ami*. Aramea.] 
The typical genus of spiders <rf the family Jr- 
eyida-'. Also spelled Jrtjw. 
-ard. [<F. -ard,<OHG."MH<; 'i.)-rt (fre- 
quently as a suffix in proper names (later also 
in common noons), as in Beginltart. > OF. r<- 
gnard, F. rtmard, > E. rvyMnf, q. v. ). < k*rt = E. 
hard.} A suffix in nouns of French origin or 
of a French trpe. la r - noons H mu> ku 
ffnjti-riTrp" irn rrr- rr-T-rf, iii< <itrt, ><, 
dnmterd, nw< etc. In other noon it. lane, orirf 
tudJj tattoatr*. fc sow .earertj felt, M to 
ptecni,il 
^rt)aadrf 
originmUjr ulf co**tt, fnutmU, the raflkus -an* and * 
(-orfrl) hare changed places. 
ardash (ar'dash), . [Formerly also orria*. <rr- 
do*, < F. ardasse = Sp. arddttu, anUtet, < Pers. 
ardon, raw silk.] The European or Levantine 
name for Persian raw silk of inferior quality. 
It is called Ainr an in Persia. Benjamin, Persia 
and the Persians. 
ardassine (ar-da-sen'), . [F., pi. ordMUMt 
(= Sp. ardasinas, arda^nas. pi.), the finer sort of 
Persian silk, prop. adj.. < ardassr : see ardasn.] 
The name under which the finest Persian silk 
for weaving is imported into France. It is 
popularly called ablaque. Larouste. 
Ardea (ar'de-a), n. [L., a heron; cf. Gr. ipa- 
fi6r, a heron.']" The typical genus of the family 
301 
JraW.mrtg; 
*. .A rail ill. Jmn*n. ic 
jrdetaer'df-in),. [< XL. **,< Jr*, 
o. v.] Heron-like: having th* characters of 
the Jnfawfct. or herons, 
ardeiio-, ardelioat. - [< L. 
body, meddler, < ardtrr, be < 
eager. Cf. anirf.] A busybody: a 
SMi^toKtthatwIuchiwhaJbMtrrWwnhMM.^ 
\v.: * - ----- .,.-:,-- .--;- ,-- -- - -- 
_ 1 
.-> 
-. - 
Great Blue Heron Arttra AffvaHavK 
Ardtidce, and formerly coextensive with it. it 
is varioualy restricted to exclude the bitterns (fiofnurtw) 
and night-herons (Syctiardea), or to include only the large 
species intimately related to the common heron of Europe, 
A. cinerea, such as A. goliath of Africa ; A. hermtitu, the 
great blue heron of North America; A. occitlentaliit, the 
great white heron of Florida : A . cocoi, the large blue heron 
of South America, etc. The egreU are sometimes referred 
to this genus, and sometimes made types of several others. 
ardeb (ar'deb), n. [Ar. irdab, urdab (Mahn).] 
The principal Egyptian measure of capacity 
(not used for liquids), legally containing 40i 
imperial gallons, or 5.2 United States (Win- 
chester) bushels, or 183.2 liters. But other ardeba 
are in use, ranging from little more than half the aliove 
up to 284 liters ; this, the ardeb of Koaetta, waa at one 
time the commonest. See artaba. 
Ardeidas (ar-de'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ardea + 
-id<p.] A family of grallatorial altricial birds, of 
the order Herodiones and suborder Herodii ; the 
herons. They have a comparatively atnall thin body, 
very long legs and neck, long straight acute bill, ample 
wings, short broad tail, naked lores, pectinate middle 
claws, the hind toe not elevated, linear pervious nostrils, 
and 2, 3, or 4 pairs of powder-down tracts or pulviplumes. 
The family includes several genera and about 75 species, of 
moat parts of the world, inhabiting seas, lakea, marshes, 
and rivers, nesting usually in communities in trees and 
bushes, where they perch with ease by means of their in- 
sesaorial feet, laying greenish whole-colored eggs, and 
rearing their young in the nest. The species present a 
wide range of difference in stature and coloration, but 
comparatively little in form or structure, the family being 
a homogeneous one. They are most nearly related to the 
storks, ibises, and other altricial grallatores, but only dis- 
tantly to the cranes. They are divisible into three sub- 
families: Ardeitwe, the true herons; Rotaurince, the bit- 
terns; and Cancromince, the boatbills. The last-named, 
however, is often considered a family apart. See cuts un- 
der Ardea, bitttrn, and bonthill. 
Ardeinae (ar-de-i'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Ardea + 
-two,'.] The typical subfamily of Ardctda;, con- 
taining the herons proper, egrets, etc., as dis- 
tinguished from the bitterns and boatbills. 
They have 12 tail-feathers, 3 pairs of powder-down feathers 
or pulviplumes, the tibia- not feathered to the auffrago, the 
outer toe not shorter than the inner, and moderately curved 
claws. The species are numerous, inhabiting nearly all 
parts of the world, but especially warm countries. Lead- 
Anat. ( XdL. L i (.V. K fO 
mxdOBCy (ar'den-$i). n. [< arrfcuf : see -cjr.l 1. 
Intense heat :~as, "th cnfenqr of th sur S 
T. fl*frt,Trave'.s.p. JT. Htc 8. Warmth 
of passion or feeling ; ardor ; eagerness : as. the 
rwaejr of love or teal. 3. .V<t*/.. a tend< 
some ships to come quickly to the wind. [Rare. ] 
ardennite (ar-denlt). .' [< .Jntouw*. a high 
wooded region of France and Belgium, + -4*r'.] 
A silicate of manganese and aluminium with 9 
per cent, of vanadium pentoxid, found in or- 
thorhombie crystals of a yellow-brown color 
near Ottrei, in the Ardennes. 
ardent (ar'dent). a. [< ME. ardent, anlamt, 
arriaamt, < OF. ardtimt, burning (ppr. of anltr. 
ardoir, ardrt. bum),< L. r*mf-V, ppr. of ir- 
dert, barn, be eager.] 1. Hot ; burning ; red- 
hot ; hence, figuratively, causing a sensation 
of burning: as, an ardent fever. 9. Inflm. 
mable; combustible: only in the phrase anirnt 
npirits (which se, below)". 8. Having the ap- 
pearance or quality of fire; flashing; flervv. 
With flashing flames hia mnriral JM were AIM. 
Drydrn, Tbrotkm ami Huiioria. 
4. Having glowing or fiery passions or affec- 
tions : as applied to the emotions themselvee, 
showing vehemence ; passionate ; affectionate ; 
zealous : as, ardent love or vows ; ardent teal. 
Not anltnt lovers robh'd of all their bllw. 
Not ancient ladies when refused * klaa, . . . 
F.'cr felt such rage, resentment, aud <U->|ir 
A* thou, sad vitviu ! for th)- ravish'd hair. 
>.)>, R. of the U, Iv. ,V 
His form accorxltnl with a mind 
Lively and anirnt, frank and kind. 
.Scoff, I. of the U, II. *. 
5t. AViMf., having a tendency to gripe or come 
quickly to the wind: said of certain ships. 
Ardent spirits, distilled alcoholic liquors, as brandy, 
whisky, gin, rum. etc. Tlu-v an- all produced by the dis- 
tillation of fermented vegetable juices contHiniUK sugar. 
= 8yn.3and4. Fiery, intense, eager, keen, fervid, fen cut. 
imtiassiolUHl, glowing. 
ardently (Sr'dent-li). adr. [ME. ardnntlirlit- ; 
< ardent + -/y-.] In an ardent manner; with 
warmth ; affectionately ; passionately. 
ardentness (iir'dent-nes), M. [< ME. ardent- 
nesse.] The state or quality of being ardent; 
ardencv. 
Ardeoideae (iir-de-oi'de-e), . pJ. [NL., < Ar- 
dfo + -mYf><r.] X superfamily group of hero- 
diouine birds. 
Ardeola (ar-de'o-lft), n. [L., a little heron, dim. 
of ardea, a heron.] A genus of small and some- 
what rail-like herons, the squacco herons, of 
the subfamily Ardeinai. The type la A. eomaia or 
A. ralloides, of Europe; hut there are several other ape- 
ciea. J. f. Bait, 1822. 
ardert (ar'der), ti. [E. dial, (formerly also writ- 
ten ardor, ardour, ordure, as if of Latin origin), 
prob. < Icel. ardhr, a plow. Cf. L. aratruin, a 
plow (see aratrum term-); Corn, (dial.) anlar, 
a plow, ardur, a plowman, W. arad, a plow, 
Gael. Ir. arach, a plowshare; all ult. from the 
same root. See arable and cnrS.] 1 . The plow- 
ing or fallowing of ground. 
ttisSHSjfeMM. 
-^bMri.WL,tattMtlkM*rT 
3t. A bright or MgeM spirit. [Pi 
last 
4. Warmth or ktMt, Mot UM> pMMMMd af- 
:,, .. ... - ~: . - -v 
Tit* wfekml ***MM** <* OTtfwv ctf ttfe **, 
C*mi. rii TftW. 
In th* bMitl *MKJMM a wn> *( ttkn mm 
with ( UU A* aw M*M4 tat ate *. 
SfcriSM. Ttt DWMM, I . 
The <m*Mr at rrrt'i1if ir VM * In th* mr 
an* wtth whfch be ttal Mo DM M*4r * 
/. it 
- * 
ardrigh ^r-drc'\ . 
. it , o* * R. * m. 
and Ir. 
i. high, + ri.;, king. = I.. >r,r (rrj->. a * 
seervjr.] In the early history of Ireland 
--- , . 
BoottaUM, :i chief monarch r i 
arduityt viir-du'i-ti\ n. [<L 
ne8,< arrfMiM. atevp: > tirthHw,] 
difficulty: arduouawm. Cortrntm. 
arduous vSr'di-us\ <i. [< I* anltmx, loftj, 
high, steep. hVrd to reach, difficult. Itil-.-rioui*. 
= 0ael. Ir. Com. Manx iirif, high.] 1. 8t<*>p, 
and therefore difficult of ascent ; hard to 
High "ii foniauiu lop hor uu ho ahuw'il, 
Ami i>-.iiit.-.l out UKM* anhMMM |Uu Ihry u\l. 
l\>l*. EaMf oil (XUctam, 1. M. 
Artltrs; fallowings or pluwliiKs of Kronnil. This l tin- 
- .Inv. 
llallinvll, I'rov. Dli't. 
explanation in the Diet 
r plowli 
. Rust., 
2. The state of being plowed. 3. Land plowed 
and left fallow. 
Ardetta (ttr-det'tt), . [NL., dim. of Anlea, 
q. v.] A genus of diminutive herons, of tho 
family Ardcidtv aud subfamily HotHurinai; the 
dwarf bittems. They are scarcely a foot long, luivo 
variegated plinniiKt' tllaafniilar In the two Hexes, luhnhll 
reedy gwumpa and niarshea, and Kimu-whul rrrtcnihlc i ail 
in iippeurunro and mode of life. There are tteveral apecien, 
aa the dwarf hlttern of Kurope, A. tninula, ftiul the leiwt 
bittern of America, A. eritix. 0. H. Gray, 1842. 
ardish (ar'dish), n. [E. Ind.] A style of EIVM( 
Indian decoration fonnterior walls and ceilings. 
It la made at Jeypore, Itrltlali India, and flaewhrir. h> 
rinbfddiiiK pieces of glasa In plaster, and entthiR away tho 
plaster over the glass in ornamental imttcrnn. Tin > iif. i 
resembles a blending of white marble and |><ilMird silver. 
Arnold. 
ardluke (itrd'luk), n. [Said to be Eskimo.] A 
name of tho grampus, Orca (/liifliator. 
ardmaer (iird-m6r ), n. [Gael, and Ir. nr(lilnn>i; 
a chief magistrate, < Gael, and Ir. urtl, high, + 
ntaor, a bailiff, steward, ofllcer.] The high 
9. Attended with groat labor, like (ho 
of acclivities ; difficult. 
In every nf'i enterprlM w conatdcr what wt> are 
to low, aa well aa what we art> to gain. 
/fwrlr, iNtnelHatlon with America. 
Hence 8. Energetic; lalxirions: said of per- 
sons or actions: as, an ardm>Ms student; nniN- 
OMU struggles. . 8yn. 2. IHftfnli. Hani, .tnlu,<H>, In 
l>oriu, toilsome, heiviileau, wwre, />(/*./( uicana nut 
by faithful effort ami perseverance : aa aifi>cnfl tmiblem. 
aiiestion, task, or eaae In ainiiery. /rimf siuivrittM work, 
kc that of dinging up li'X't ground, or breaking thiMiiuh 
onl n>ek ; It la stronger than il(*cn(f. It luaj aluo a|ipl> 
to passive aulTerlug: aa, a /mm fate. \Vhal U tiiittfKtiA 
rtxiulrt-a more energy and ciiilurauce, and la Icna within 
the reach of common |nmcvi. (Imn biil is/nm/. ll.t luhni 
tlve meaning of ateep climbing la still felt In II, and nmk, . 
It auggt'stlve of aevere and protracted elfort. 
To explore the history nf any languaiix' Is a taak pccu 
Marly tlijKrult at thla perltnl of the world, In which w arc 
an remote from the era of lt countructlon. 
N. /'iii-iii'r. Hist. Anulo Haxollp. 
The Ann/ causes they linmiilit unto Moaca, but every 
small matter they judged themaelvea. Kx. xvlll. *l. 
Faithful friends are Ann/ to nllil. 
Sh.ik.. I'aaa. Vllgrlm, I. 4IVt. 
Such an enterprise would lie In the highest deuive ar 
diiiMiK and haxardoiia. .Uucniiliti/, Hint. Run., li- 
lt Is often tlijncult to ctuitrol our feellnga ; It In still 
Aanfcr to subdue onrwlll ; but It Is an aiilnnut uiiderlak 
Ing to control the contending will of others. 
t'm/i/i. KnKllsh Syuoiiymea, p. 4IM. 
arduously (Ur'dft-us-H), ad<: In an anlnotiN 
manner ; with lalKirioutuicHN. 
arduoUBHesa (ilr'dfi-ns-nes). M. The slate or 
(inality of being udoou ; difficulty of execu- 
tion or performance. 
arduret, . An old form of ardor. 
ardurous (iir'd-rim), (i, [< ardttrn for arilor 
+ -<<#,] Kurhing; ardent. [Hare.] 
Lo I further on, 
Where tlamea th' anlurmu spirit of Ialilor<>. 
Cart/, If. at Dante's Paradise, >. !<. 
are 1 (iir). The iircMent iiidiealive plural <if Hie 
Htibstantive verb to be. 8eo IIP. 
are- (Sr or llr), M. [F., < L. awn, a piece of 
level ground : see area.] 1 n I lie mi trie ni/nlrni, n 
unit of Huperltcial or m|imrc ineiiNiire, cnnliiln 
ing 100 8(|iiaro nielern, or 110.0 M(|tniro yiirdn. 
Its nliliivviiiliiin is a. 
a-re (H'ra'). [It.: Her i/inniil.] The noto Im- 
inediately ulmve the Ionic, nl, in the grave 
liexnelionl of (luido d'Are/,/.(i'H inilHienl Ncitle. 
area (a'rv-il), H. ; pi. urnm, omi- ( -H n, -e). [ I.., 
a piece Of level ground, n viieant. npiiee, uemirl, 
ynrd, Ill-Ill, tlin-Kliintf-ll'ior; perluipH nllied In 
arere, be dry; cf. arid. In Mini, mid vul^iir 
pron. 8'ri: BOO airy 3 , iimlef. irt/'* marry' 1 . ] 1. 
Anyplanemirfacowitliiii boundiliM) tlieMiipiir- 
