architecture 
and convenience as dicta ted by the conditions of the prob- 
lem in hand; (2) of constructive neccs-sity and fitness as 
determined either by practical experience or hy scientific 
theory; and (3) of artistic excellence both in the propor- 
tions of the parts and in the decorative treatment of de- 
tails, in accordance with either the general principles and 
canons <>i pun! taste or the prescriptions of custom or 
tradition. It is the function of skill in execution practi- 
cally to carry out the scheme so designed ; and this skill 
is exercised by draftsmen, surveyors, mechanics, arti- 
sans, and artists, each in his place. Architecture is prop- 
erly distinguished from mere building by the presence of 
the decorative- or artistic element. The most important 
styles in the history of architecture are the Egyptian, As- 
syrian, Hellenic, Roman, Byzantine, Medieval (including 
Romanesque ftna Ft tinted), Renaissance, and Arabic. (See 
these and other adjectives characterizing architectural 
styles.) The various later medieval styles are commonly 
included under the vague and misleading term Gothic 
(which >rr). 
Afclifti'i-tin-t', the art of building, includes two elements, 
theory and practice. The former comprehends the fine- 
art side proper, the body of general rules inspired by 
taste and based on tradition, and the science, which ad- 
mits of demonstration by means of invariable and abso- 
lute formulas. Practice is the application of theory to 
particular needs ; it is practice which causes the art and 
the science to conform to the nature of materials, to 
climate, to the customs of a period, or to the necessities 
of the occasion. 
ViottetJe-Duc, Diet, de 1' Architecture (trans.), I. 116. 
We must consider Architecture as the great law which 
has in all time regulated the growth and affected the 
form of painting and sculpture, till they attain to a certain 
period in their development, and free themselves from its 
influence. C. T. Newton, Art and Archseol., p. 29. 
Architecture and eloquence are mixed arts, whose end 
is sometimes beauty and sometimes use. Emerson. 
2. The buildings or other objects produced by 
architecture as defined above. 3. The char- 
acter or style of building: as, the architecture 
of Paris. 4. Construction and formative de- 
sign of any kind. 
The formation of the first earth being a piece of divine 
tttv/titecture, ascribed to a particular providence. 
T. Burnet, Theory of the Earth. 
Civil architecture, the branch of architecture having 
to do with buildings for the purposes of civil life. Mili- 
tary architecture, the branch of architecture which has 
to do with buildings for military purposes : to some extent 
coextensive with military engineering. Naval archi- 
tecture, the science and practice of the designing and con- 
struction of ships and of their engines and appurtenances. 
architecture (ar'ki-tek-tur), v. t. [< architec- 
ture, .] To construct; build. [Bare.] 
This was architectur'd thus 
Hy the great Oceanus. K?at#, Fingal'a Cave. 
Architeuthis (ar-ki-tu'this), . [NL., < Gr. 
apxt- t first, chief, + revdi^ squid.] A genus of 
monster cephalopoda, or giant 
squids, of the family Omma- 
strephidte, and related to Om- 
mastrephcs except in size. 
Several species are described, as A. 
priticepx, A. harveyi, and A. ineyap- 
tera. Some specimens are said to 
attain a total length of upward of 50 
feet. These animals furnish the 
basis of fact for the fabulous mon- 
sters known as devil-fishes. 
Giant Squid (Archi. 
Hthis dux). ( From 
One of the giant squids, belonging, 
doubtless, to the genus Arcltfteu- 
thin. The whalers have long had ac- 
counts of the sperm whale eating 
giant squid, portions of the arms 
being vomited by these animals in 
their death flurry, but science has 
recognized the existence of these huge 
monsters for only a few years. 
Staml. A'a(. Hint., I. 377. 
architonnerre ( ar-shi- to- 
ner'), H. [F.,<GT.apxi-, chief, 
4- F. tonnerre, thunder, thun- 
derbolt, chamber (of a gun, etc.), < L. tonitrus, 
thunder.] A form of steam-gun described by 
Leonardo da Vinci, and supposed to have been 
devised by Archimedes, which discharged iron 
balls with great noise. 
architrave (ar'ki-trav), n. [= F. architrave, < 
It. architrave, < L. archi- (see archi-), chief, + 
It. trave, < L. trabem, ace. of trabs, a beam.] 
1. In arch. : (a) The lower division of an entab- 
lature ; that member which rests immediately 
on the column and supports those portions of 
the structure which are above it. See cut 
under entablature, (b) The ornamental mold- 
ing running round the extrados of an arch. 
Also called archivolt. (c) Sometimes, less prop- 
erly, the molded enrichments on the faces of 
the jambs and lintel of a door, window, or other 
opening. Also called antepagment. 2. In 
fort., the master-beam, or chief supporter, in 
any part of a subterranean fortification Archi- 
trave cornice, an entablature in which the cornice rests 
directly on the architrave, the frieze being omitted. 
architroch (ar'ki-trok), n. [<Gr. apxt-, first, 
+ Tpox6f, a disk, wheel, hoop: see troche.] 
In zool., the specialized ciliated girdle or band 
surrounding the mouth of the planula in many 
invertebrate embryos. E. B. Lankester. 
298 
It [the oral ciliated band] was probably primitively a 
mouth-organ of the ancestral gastruhtted tu->-l>ilrt>cl, simi- 
lar to the circlet of cilia in ttir l'n>to/.oa ciliata. 
llmill, I'roc. Host. Soc. X. H., 1884, p. 87. 
architypographer (ar"ki-tl-pog'ra-fer), . 
[< archi- + ti//iof/ra]ilier.] The chief university 
printer at Oxford, an office established in 1636. 
He is the director of the Oxford press. By Laud's statutes. 
"He is to be a person well instructed in Greek anil Latin 
literature, and of great experience in philological pur- 
suits ; and it will be his duty to preside over the opera- 
tions of printing in the university printing otlice, ami t" 
take care that the printing materials and furniture are all 
of the choicest in their several kinds. In works issuing 
from the public press of the university, he is to prescribe 
the scale of the types, the quality of the paper, and the 
size of the margins, and to set right the errata of the 
correctors, and to take diligent care in all other particu- 
lars which concern the ornament and perfection of the 
work." He is also ex ojicio upper bedel in civil law. 
Archiulidae (iir-ki-u'li-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ar- 
eliiulHx + -idir.] A family of fossil archi- 
polypodous myriapods. Scudder, 1868. 
Archiulus (ar-ki-u'lus), . [NL., < Gr. apxt-, 
first, + NL. lulus, q. v.] The typical genus 
of the family Archiulidie. 
archivat (ar-kl'va), n. pi. [L., pi. of arehwum : 
see archive.] Archives. 
The Christians were able to make good what they as- 
serted by appealing to those records kept in the Roman 
archiva. l)r. H. More, Godliness. 
archival (ar-ki'val or ar'ki-val), a. [< archive.'] 
Pertaining to archives or records; contained 
in records. 
archive (ar'klv or -kiv), H. [< F. archives, pi., 
< L. arclnvum, also arcliium (pi. arckiva), a 
place where records are kept, the records them- 
selves, < Gr. apxeiov, a public building, hence pi. 
TO apxeia, the public records there kept, prop, 
neuter of *ap%eiof, adj., pertaining to office, < 
opX'lj office, government, rule, < ap%uv, rule, be 
first : see arch-.] 1 . A place where public records 
or other historical documents are kept : now only 
in the plural. 2. A record or document pre- 
served in evidence of something ; in the plural, 
documents or records relating to the rights, 
privileges, claims, treaties, constitutions, etc., 
of a family, corporation, community, or nation. 
A most unpleasant archive or register. 
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 116. 
God hath now 
Sponged and made blank of crimeful record all 
My mortal archive*. Tennyson, St. Simeon Stylites. 
The social conditions represented in the Homeric poems 
cannot be mere ngments. By the Greeks they were always 
regarded as perfectly real, as archives, so to speak, from 
which very definite claims and prerogatives were derived. 
Von Ranke, Univ. Hist, (trans.), p. 121. 
= Syn, 1. Record-office, registry. 2. Begisters, chroni- 
cles, annals, muniments. 
archivist (iir'kl- or ar'ki-vist). . [=F. arclii- 
viste = Sp. It. archivista, < ML. archivista : see 
archive and -ist.] A keeper of archives or rec- 
ords. 
The learned arehirM of the Vatican, whose researches 
have led to striking results in reference to the foundation 
of the University of Paris. Amer. Jour. FltUol., VI. 490. 
archivolt (ar'ki-volt or -volt), n. [=F. areiii- 
rolte,<lt. archwolto (cf. ML. archivoltum), appar. 
< archi-, chief, + volto, volta, vault, arch: see 
archi- and vault, and cf . architrave ; but It. arco- 
colto is based on area, arch, + voltt), volta, vault, 
arch. ] An ornamental molding or band of mold- 
ings on the face of an arch following the contour 
of the extrados ; an arch-molding. Also called 
architrave. A rchivolt is sometimes incorrectly used for 
snffit. The term is applied specifically to the arches of 
any arched construction, upon which, as upon the archi- 
trave in columnar construction, rests the weight of the 
superimposed portion of the edifice. Viollet-lr-Duc. 
Archivolt of a bridge, the curved line formed by the 
exterior upper edges of the arch-stones in the face of the 
work. 
archlute (arch'lut), n. [< arch- + lute 1 .'] A 
large bass lute, double-necked like the theorbo 
and chitarrone, and differing from them in the 
arrangement of the longer strings. Also writ- 
ten archilute. 
archly (arch'li), adv. In an arch manner; 
coyly. 
He bow'd, and archly smiled at what he said, 
Civil but sly. Crabbe, Parish Register. 
And the glances of the Creole 
Were still as archly deep. 
n'liittier. The Slave Ships. 
archmagician (arch-ma-jish'an), n. [< arch- 
+ magician. Cf. archi mage.] A chief magician; 
a great wizard. 
archmarshal (arch-mar'shal), n. [< arch- + 
marshal; = G. erantargehaU.] The grand mar- 
shal of the old German empire, a dignity which 
belonged to the Elector of Saxony. 
arch-mockt (arch-mok'), n. [< arch- + mock."] 
Extreme mockery or bitterest jest; deepest 
scorn. 
Archoplites 
O, 'tis the spite of hell, the fiend's ni-fli-mock : 
ninik.. Othello, iv. 1. 
arch-molding (iirch'm61 // ding), . [< arch 1 + 
molding.] Same as archivolt: used especially 
of medieval architecture, 
archness (iirch'nes), >i. [< arclfi + -IK-US.] The 
([uality of being arch ; slyness without malice ; 
cunning; waggishness; roguislmess ; pleasing 
coyness: as, " dryness and archness of humour," 
/. ll'arton, Pope, p. 68. 
There was a mixture of sweetness and arclm?** in her 
manner which made it difficult for her to affront anybody. 
Jane Amtfii, Pride and Prejudice, p. 44. 
archology (ar-kol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. apxv, begin- 
ning, origin, rule, government (see arch-), + 
-'/u}ia, < /iyetv, speak: see-olugy.] 1. The doc- 
trine of theoriginof things. X.E.I>. 2. The 
science of government. N. E. D. 3. The the- 
ory of first principles of knowledge. 
archon (iir'kou), H. [L., < Gr. apxw, a ruler, 
orig. ppr. of apxeiv, rule, be first: see arch-.] 
1 . A chief magistrate of some states in ancient 
Greece, and particularly Athens. After the aboli- 
tion of the title of king in Attica there was chosen a single 
archon, who exercised for life essentially royal preroga- 
tives. The term of office was afterward reduced to ten 
years, and in 683 B. c. it was made annual, and the duties 
of the archonship were distributed among nine persons. 
The first was the archon eponymog (name-giving archon), 
whose functions were executive and judicial, and whose 
name was given in official acts, etc., to the year of his ser- 
vice; the second was the archon battileux (archon king), 
whose duties were chiefly religious and ceremonial; the 
third was the archon poleniarchos (archon generalissimo), 
who was, first in fact and then nominally, commander of 
the military power ; and the remaining six were the then- 
'inothfttf, or administrators of justice, whose most impor- 
tant duty it was to pass carefully in review, each year, the 
whole body of laws of the state, in order to make sure that 
no errors or contradictions had crept in, that repealed laws 
had been duly canceled, and that repetition was avoided. 
It rested with the thesmothetse, also, to see that all the 
laws of the republic that were in vigor were strictly en- 
forced, and to bring to trial any public official who hud 
failed in his trust. At the end of their year of office, all the 
archons, unless they were found guilty of malfeasance, by 
virtue of their office entered the council of the Areopagus. 
2. In the Byzantine empire: () One of a 
number of great court officers, (b) A title as- 
sumed by the Prankish barons who established 
themselves in Greece after the fourth crusade, 
in the thirteenth century. 3. In modern 
Greece, a person in authority, as a magistrate, 
a presiding officer of some societies, etc. 4. 
Any ruler or governor. 5. In various Gnostic 
systems, one of several spiritual powers su- 
perior to angels, believed to be the rulers of 
the several heavens. According to Basilides, the 
great archon is the highest cosmical power and the creator 
of the ogdoad or ethereal world, having below him the 
archon who created and rules the hebdomad or lower 
planetary heaven. See archantic, hebdomad, and offdoad. 
6. [NL.] In rod'/., the human animal; man, as 
a member of the group Archontia. 7. [caj>.] 
[NL.] Jnentom. : (a) A genus of lepidopterous 
insects. Hiibner, 1822. (6) A genus of coleop- 
terous insects. Kirby, 1826. 
archonship (ar'kon-ship), H. [< archon + -ship.] 
The office or the term of office of an archon. 
On the expiration of the archonship of Eryxiaa, it was 
resolved that the office should be annual, and that there 
should he nine persons to execute it. 
J. Adams, Works, IV. 475. 
archont (ar'kont), ti. [< NL. archon(t-), sing, 
of Archontia, q. v.] A member of the zoologi- 
cal group Archontia ; a man. 
archontate (ar'kon-tat), n. [< archon(t-) + 
-ate s .] The office of an archon, or the term for 
which an archon was elected. N. E. J). 
Archontia (ar-kon'ti-a), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. 
of archon, < Gr. apx<*>v, ruling: see archon.] In 
some zoological systems, a prime division of 
mammals, represented by man alone, it is con 
terminous with the orders Archencephala, of Owen, Hi- 
mana of Blumenbach and Cuvier, and Dipoda of others, 
and with the family Hominidce and genus Homo. 
Archontic (ar-kon'tik), n. [< LL. archonticus, 
< Gr. apxovTiKuc, pertaining to archons (> LGr. 
ol 'ApxovriKoi, Archontics), < apxuv, ruler: see 
arehon.] One of a sect of the fourth century, 
originating in Palestine, apparently an offshoot 
of the Ophites: so called from their belief, in 
common with other Gnostic sects, in archons or 
rulers of the several heavens. They rejected bap- 
tism and the eucharist, identified the God of the Jews with 
the devil, and used to sprinkle their dead with water and 
oil to make them invisible and put them beyond the reach 
of the heavenly powers. 
Archoplites (ar-kop-H'tez), . [NL., < Gr. ap- 
Xuf, a leader, + tnr'/.iriK, heavy-armed: see hop- 
lite.] A genus of percoid fishes. A single species, 
A. interruptus, occurs on the Pacific slope of North 
America. It resembles the rock-bass, has 7 branchioste- 
gal rays, and attains a length of a foot or more. Gill, 
