archimandrite 
archimandrite (iir-ki-uuui'drit), n. [< ML. ur- 
chiiuHiidrilii, < LGr. apxtrtavopirr/i; (Epiphanius), 
chief of a monastery, < Gr. 
apX'-> chief, + /lavApa, a 
fold, inclosure, eccles. a 
monastery.] In the E/mi- 
rrii I'liiirrh, an abbot-gen- 
eral, having other abbots 
(lif/liiiinii'iiiii) with Iheir 
monasteries under his su- 
perintendence; also some- 
times, especially among 
the (ireeks, the abbot of 
a single large monastery. 
In liussia the bishops are .se 
lected from aiiiunu the arehi- 
manilrites. Tilu title has hei-n 
n-l.-iineil amoni: thii.se ulio sep- 
al -ated from the llastern Church 
and submitted to the pope 
u IliU- still oliserviliLC the ' iiv.-k 
rile (the so-railed I'nited 
ciivelvs). and their monasteries 
are now .suhjeet to one proto- tireck Archimandrite, 
arehimandrite. A congregation 
if liasilian monks existing in Sicily before the eleventh 
centnrv has been under the care of an arehimandrite ap- 
parently from that time. Its head abbey is that of San 
Salvati.i-e in Messina, and it forms an exempt archiman- 
dritate immediately depeinlent on the pope. In the early 
church, and sometimes during the middle ages in the 
\S i-st.-rn Church, the word was used vaguely a.s equivalent 
to Jll'f/ill' . 
Archimedean (aVki-me'de-an or -me-de'an), 
<(. l< Ij. Ari-liinii'ili'Hf, < Gr. 'A.px'/*j/faioc,, < 'Apx'- 
'/"'/<;, L. Archimedes.] Pertaining to Archi- 
medes, a celebrated mathematician, born at 
Syracuse in the third century B. C., or to his 
mechanical inventions. - Archimedean drill. See 
ilrill. Archimedean principle, or principle of Ar- 
chimedes, (n) The principle of the equilibrium of the 
lever ; namely, that a lever loaded with two weights, on 
opposite sides of the fulcrum, is in equilibrium when the 
weights are inversely proportional to the length of the 
arms at whose ends they hang, and that the pressure on 
the fulcrum of the lever is then exactly equal to the sum 
of the two weights, (b) The hydrostatical principle, also 
discovered by Archimedes, that a body immersed in a lluid 
loses an amount of weight equal to that of the fluid it dis- 
plaies. Archimedean propeller, H propeller consisting 
of a continuous spiral vane oil a hollow core running 
lengthwise of the vessel. It is an amplification and ex- 
tension of the screw. Archimedean railway, a form of 
railway in which a continuous shaft rotates on pillars be- 
tween the lines of rails, and propels the car by means of a 
screw which engages in a pedestal attached to the car. 
Archimedean screw, a device for raising water, said to 
Archimedean Screw. 
have been invented by Archimedes. It is made by forming 
a spiral tube within, or by winding a flexible tube spirally 
about, a cylinder. When the cylinder is placed in an in- 
clined position, and the lower end is immersed in water, 
its revolution will cause the water to move upward through 
the spiral chambers. Whatever quantity of water first en- 
ters the screw immediately descends by its own weight to 
the lowest point of the spiral ; hut this point being always 
shifted higher up by the revolution of the screw, the water 
may thus be raised to a considerable height. Also called 
water-screw and spiral 'pump, Archimedean solid, one 
of the thirteen solids described by Archimedes, which, 
without being regular, have all their solid angles alike, all 
their faces regular, and not less than four faces of any one 
kind: sometimes incorrectly called semi-renular solid*. 
They are the truncated MfttMPdron. the cuboctahedron, the 
truncated fictahedron, the tnini'ati'il citfn', the rhombicuboc- 
tulii'ifrvn, the truncated cuboctahedron, the icosidodeca- 
he-dron, the truncated icasahedron, the truncated dodeca- 
tifitrtiii, the Knub-cube, the rhombiconidodecahedron, the 
it-unrated imiridodecahedron, and the snub-dodecahedron. 
See these terms. 
archimonerula (Sr'ki-mo-ner'iJ-la), H. ; pi. ar- 
i-/iiii/i>iicriil(c(-\e). [NL.,<[ Qr.apxi-, first,+ NL. 
Hi<icniln.~] In embryol., a term invented by 
Haeckel and defined by him as a cytod in which 
the formative and the nutritive yolk are not dis- 
tinct. It is a special name for the monerula stage of a 
holoblastic egg which undergoes palingenetic or primitive 
as well as total cleavage, and the several succeeding stages 
of which are an arehicytula, archimorula, archiblastula, 
and archigastrula. 
archimorula (ar-ki-mor'ij-lii), n. ; pi. archimoru- 
la! (-le). [NL., < Gr. apxi-, first, + NL. morala.] 
In embryol., the morula or mulberry-mass which 
results from the total and equal segmentation 
of the vitellus or yolk of an arehicytula; a sol- 
id, generally globular, mass of cleavage-cells 
which proceed to develop an archiblastula and 
arcliigastrula. 
archinephra, . Plural of archinephron. 
L'HT 
archinephric (iir-ki-nef'rik), a. [< /<///</,/(- 
ron + -ic.\ I'l'i-taining to an arcliinephrou or 
primitive kidney: us, the archiafphric duct. 
archinephron (iir-ki-nef 'ron), .; pi. urchi- 
iii jilirn l-rji). [NL., < Gr. upx'-i first, + ve^por, 
kidney.] In embryol., the primitive or rudi- 
mentary, as distinguished from the final defin- 
itive, renal excretory organ of an animal; the 
primitive kidney. 
arching (ar'chiug), n. [Verbal n. of ;<//'.] 
Arched work or formation ; the arched portion 
of a structure. 
archipelagian (ar''ki-pe-la'ji-an), . Same as 
archipelagic (iir'ki-pe-laj'ik), . [< arrhipi-l- 
i/i/D + -ic.] Of or pertaining to an archipelago. 
The fli-rltn"-l:i-ii>- fringe of roast line. 
FwtnvjMly Yfco., XXXIX. f,7. 
archipelago (ar-ki-pel'a-go), . [Early mod. 
E. arcli/H-/iiiiii, also archipvlugf aud/v/ii'/V/.v 
(andabbr. iir<:l> ijicl = I). (',. arcliip/'l, < F. nrrlii/u I 
= Pr. arcliipi'l : <!'. early mod. P. an-lii/n /</'"> 
= OSp. in-i'i/iiclago, Sp. archipielago = OPg. ar- 
ri ji/litgo, Pg. archipelago (cf. Dan. arkijiclny, 
iirkiliflni/iiit, Russ. (trkliipelagii, NGr. apxmtAa- 
}-of, ML. an-lii/ii-lni/Hx), < It. arcipelago, orig. the 
.^Egean sea, lit. the chief gulf or sea (in dis- 
tinction from minor bodies of water to which 
the term pelago, ML. pelagus, was applied), < 
arci- (L., etc., archi-), chiefj principal, + pelago 
(= Sp. pielago = Pg. pelago, pego = Pr. peleg), 
gulf, abyss, pool, sea, < ML. L. pelagus, < Gr. 
Tr^Xa/of, sea: see pelagic.] 1. [cap.] Originally 
and specifically, the sea which separates Greece 
from Asia Minor, otherwise called the ^Egean 
sea, studded with a number of small islands. 
Hence, generally 2. Any body of water 
abounding with islands, or the islands them- 
selves collectively. 
Archipolypoda (ar''ki-po-lip'o-da), w. pi. [NL., 
< Gr. apx'-, first, + Polypoda, pi. of 1'olypit.i, 
q. v.] A group of fossil myriapods from the 
Carboniferous formation of Illinois and Great 
Britain, related to the Chilognatha, but having 
the tergites small and armed with large spines, 
the sternites proportionally large and bearing 
crateriform cups, supposed to be possibly gill- 
supports. The Archipolypoda had two legs to each seg- 
ment, as in the extant Diplopoda, and appear to have be- 
come extinct in the Paleozoic epoch. Three families have 
been recognized, Archideymidce, Evphorberiidcf, and Ar- 
chiulidat. 
Mr. Scudder has proposed the name Archipolyjmla for 
a group of fossil myriapods which, while closely related to 
the Chilognatha, show several important points of differ- 
ence. Stand. Nat. Hist., II. 128. 
archipolypodan (ar*ki-po-lip'o-dan), n. One 
of the Archipoli/poda. 
archipolypodous (ar^ki-po-lip'o-dus), a. Per- 
taining to or having the characters of the Archi- 
polypoda. 
archippus (ar-kip'us), H. [NL., in form as Gr. 
"ApxtKxoc,, a proper name.] A butterfly, Da- 
naus archippus: the technical specific name 
used as an English word. 
Archiptera (iir-kip'te-ra), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. 
apxt-, first, + xTEpfo, wing.] In Haeckel's sys- 
tem of classification, an order of hexapodous 
metabolous winged insects, equivalent to the 
Pseudoiieiiroptera of other authors. 
archipterygium (ar"kip-te-rij'i-um), .; pi. 
archipterygia (-a). [NL., < Gr. apx'-, first, chief, 
+ Trrepvyiav, dim. of irre/wf, a 
wing, < TTTcpov, a wing, = E. 
feather.] The archetypal form 
or primitive type of the skele- 
ton of the limbs of vertebrates. 
It was supposed by Gegenbaur to be 
most nearly approximated in nature 
by the pectoral member or Bn of the 
ceratodontids, but this view has not 
been generally accepted ; by others 
the pectoral member of a primitive 
selachian is believed to approximate- 
ly realize the idea. 
I have given the name of Archipte- 
ri/trium to the ground-form of the skel- 
eton, which extends from the limb- 
bearinggirdle into the free appendage. 
Qegenbaiir, Comp. Anat. (tr.), p. 473. 
archistome (iir'ki-stom), n. [< 
Gr. apxi-, first, + rjr6fia, mouth.] cartilaginous skei- 
In zool.. the primitive elongat- ctonofailmbiarchip- 
,.. 0n-i-i * terygium) of Cera- 
ed blastopore of Bilateraha. taJf, /em,?,; the 
The primitively elongated mouth of SSnKr'wI'th" , 
the larvae of P.ilateralia. with an ex- limb-root. 
tended body-axis, or any derived form 
of the latter, or wherever there is formed a well-defined, 
unpaired median neural plate, or where a pair of parallel 
neural plates or cords are developed, I would call the whole 
area thus embraced an archistome. 
J. A. Ryder, Amur. Naturalist, 1885, p. 1117. 
architecture 
architect (iif'ki-tekt), . [=]'. t//r/7< </<> = It. 
iifrliili II", < li. iii'i-liilri-lii.-i. also ni'i-li jii finii, < Gr. 
<i/),r<i-r<,,.i', chief builder, chief artilicer, < iipx'-, 
chief, + TCKTUV, a worker, esji. in wood, a car- 
]i enter, joiner, builder: see ln:lnnic.] 1. A 
person skilled in the art of building; one who 
understand! architecture, or whose profession 
it is to form plans and designs of buildings and 
superintend the execution of them. Hence 
2. One who plans, designs, or consummates any 
complex thing: as, tiie supreme .li'rliitn-1 of 
the universe : In- is the m-rliiti'i-l of his own for- 
tunes. 3. One v> ho co nt rives, devises, or plots. 
Chief Ufi-liil,;-! and plotter .if til. si' woes. 
>'/..</,., Tit. And., v. :(. 
architective (iir'ki-tek-tiv), . [< architect + 
irr.\ I'sed iii building; proper for building. 
architectonic (ar"ki-tek-ton'ik), . and . | = 
\'\ iii'r/iitrctiiiiii/tir. < L. /irchili-cltiiiii-iiK, < (Jr. 
>w/iuf, pertaining to architecture, fern. 
winy, n., architecture, < apxtrcKrw, chief 
workman: see architect.] I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to architecture; hence, pertaining or relating 
to construction or design of any kind. 
The Archaeologist cannot fail to remark how severe, in 
a true age of art, is the observance of this great A //, it,,- 
'"/"'< law how its intlu. in . J H na.lt sail design how the 
pictures on Greek vase.s, or the richly embossed and chased 
work of the medlajval goldsmiths, are all adjusted to the 
form and surface allotted to th.ni hy an external necessity. 
C. T. Xeicton, Art and Archaral., p. 84. 
2. Skilled in architecture ; expert in designing 
or constructing. 3. Relating to the construc- 
tion of a complete and scientifically arranged 
theory or system of doctrine. 4. Having the 
same relation to something as that of an archi- 
tect to his work ; designing; controlling; gov- 
erning; directive. 
In the language of Aristotle, which of these two [Culture 
and Religion] is the/v/ii'(ccf(mi'cor master-art which pre- 
scribes to all the other arts and occupations of life their 
functions, as the maater-builder prescribes their duties to 
his workmen? J. C. Shairp, Culture and Religion, p. 28. 
Architectonic idea. See idea. Architectonic unity, 
the unity or union of the parts of a theory or system which 
springs from the principles upon which the theory or sys- 
tem depends. 
II. n. 1. The science of architecture. Also 
architectonics. 2. In logic, the art of construct- 
ing systems. 
By architectonic I understand the art of constructing sys- 
tems. Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (tr. by Max MtUler). 
Of these two sciences, . . . that which treats of those 
conditions of knowledge which lie in the nature, not of 
thought itself, but of that which we think about, . . . has 
been called . . . architectonic, in so far as it treats of the 
method of building up our observations into system. 
Sir W. Hamilton, Logic, App. No. I. (1866), II. 230. 
architectonical (ar*ki-tek-ton'i-kal), a. Same 
as architectonic. 
Geometrical and architectonical artists. 
Sir T. Bromif, Misc. Tracts, p. 0. 
architectonically (ar"ki-tek-ton'i-kal-i), adv. 
In an architectonic manner; according to true 
structural principles or fitness. 
architectonics (ar 'ki-tek-ton'iks), H. pi. Same 
as architectonic, n., 1. 
architectort (ar'ki-tek-tor), M. [ML., for L. 
architectus, architecton: see architect.] 1. An 
architect. 2. A superintendent. 
architectress (ar'ki-tek-tres), . [< architector 
+ -ess.] A female architect. Sir H. Wotton, 
Beliquiaa. [Rare.] 
architectural (iir-ki-tek'tur-al), a. [= F. ar- 
chitectural; < architecture'-^- -al.] Pertaining or 
relating to architecture or the art of building; 
according to the principles of architecture. 
Architectural notation. Sec notation. 
architecturalist (ar-ki-tek'tur-al-ist), n. [< 
architectural + -ist.] A professed student of, 
or connoisseur in, architecture. N. E. D. 
architecturally (iir-ki-tek'tur-al-i), adv. In an 
architectural manner; with regard to architec- 
tural principles; from an architectural point 
of view. 
architecture (ar'ki-tek-tur), n. [= F. archi- 
tecture = It. architettura^Oj. architectura, < ar- 
chitectus, architect : see architect. The Gr. word 
is apx'TeKTavia, < apxiff KTUV also ApxtTenToviKt/: 
see architectonic.] 1. The art of building, spe- 
cifically of fine or beautiful building. Architec- 
ture includes, in the widest sense, (1) the principles of 
design and of ornament as applied to building; (2) the 
science of construction, including the properties of ma- 
terials and the methods of combining them; and (3) the 
practice of construction, including estimates of cost and 
the directing of builders and workmen. The practice of 
this art requires skill in design, which is the special prov- 
ince of the architect, and skill in execution, which is the 
special province of the workmen whom the architect 
employs and directs. It is the function of skill in archi- 
tectural design to combine in a harmonious scheme the 
independent and often hostile requirement* (1) of use 
