archduchess 
rrzhfrzoi/in.] The wife (if sin archduke; ii prin- 
cess of the reigning funiily of Austria. 
archduchy (toch'dueh'i), n. ; pi. art-luim-hiis 
(-iz). [formerly also <irclnllrliji, < OK. nrrli- 
iliii-ln; mod. F. arrhiiliirhi'; < Ml,, 'arcliiilitratitx : 
see /(//- and diirliy.] The territory or rank 
of iiii archduke or archduchess. 
archduke (iiivh'duk'), . [< rcA- + <//,<; = 
oK. iiri'/niliir, mod. K. iirrliiitnc.<. ML. nrcliiihif 
(-ilnc-), < L. arrlii-, cliief, + ''.i' (</<-). duke: 
see ;<//- and rfufo. The (}. word is /;;/ ;.</. | 
A title' formerly borne liy some of the sovereign 
princes of Austrasia, Lorraine, and Braliant, 
In it lor several centuries held exclusively by the 
ruler of the archduchy of Austria (afterward 
eiupenir of Austria, and now of Austria-Hun- 
gary) ; now only it titular dignity of the princes 
in the house of Austria, as iin-lnliii-li< ss is of the 
princesses. -Archduke's crown. s,-c .-,.,. 
archdukedom (arch'dnk'dum), n. [< <irclidnl.-i- 
+ -dom.] The territory or dignity of an arch- 
duke or archduchess; an archduchy. 
arche't, Obsolete form of arch*. 
arche'-'t, See arch-. 
arche (iir-sha'), a. [Heraldic F., pp. of *arclicr: 
see rt /<// 1, r.] Same as arched, 2. 
archebiosis (iir'ke-lii-o'sis), n. [< (Jr. ''I/M',. 
beginning; (see urcli-). + : iit,mn-. way of life, < 
fiiovv, pass one's life, < iin":, life.] The origina- 
tion of living from non-living matter; abio- 
genesis (which see). 
However the ijiicstinii may eventually lie decided as t 
the possibility of airlu'hiiixtx occurring lit tilt; present day 
:i i n ill the artificial eircu instances of the laboratory, it can- 
not lie denied that riri-l/>-f'/,>i\, ur the origination (if living 
iimtter in accordance with natural laws, must have < 
eiirreif at some elioch of the pa-t. 
./. //./,., Cosmic 1'hilos., I. 4.111. 
arched (arc-lit), p. a. [<nreA 1 + -erf.] 1. Made 
with an arch or curve ; covered or spanned with 
an arch ; having the form of an arch ; composed 
of an arch or arches. 
Twas pretty, though a plague, 
'I'n see him every hour; to sit and draw 
His arctii'il brows, his hawking eve, his curls, 
In our heart's table. Shut., All's Well, i. 1. 
All born of our house have that ;</*<</ instep under 
which water can How. Charliiltr llfmit,', Shirley, ix. 
Specifically 2. In her., applied to an ordinary 
both sides of which are bowed alike in the form 
of an arch. Also archy, arche, archy-flectcd, and 
finii-arrd. Arched beam, a beam cut, lient, or luiill in 
Arched Beams. Grand Central Station, New York. 
the form of an arch, usually to secure greater resistance 
or provide for a longer span than a straight beam would 
afford. The most important type of arched beam is that 
which ia built up, often called a compound arched beam. 
Such beams are made in many forms, especially in those 
of several thicknesses of timber or planks laid upon or 
alongside of one another and bolted together, and of a 
truss construction in iron. The arched-beam roof of the 
St. Pancras railway-station, London, has a span, in the 
clear, of 240 feet ; that of the Grand Central station, New 
York, has a span of 199 feet 2 inches. Arched-beam 
bridge, etc., a bridge, etc., in which one or more of the 
principal members is a compound arched beam. See 
iirnliii'. Arched double, having two arches or bends. 
archediacret, [ME., < OF. arcediacre, arche- 
diaere, mod. F. archidirtcre, < L. archidiacomis, 
archdeacon: see archdeacon.] An archdeacon. 
Chaucer's Dream. 
archegayt, . See asisagai. 
archegone (iir'ke-gon), . English form of 
archi'i/oninm. 
archegonia. . Plural of archegoMiw*. 
archegonial (ar-ke-go'ni-al), a. [< archeyonium 
+ -a/.] Relating or pertaining to an archego- 
nium. 
The flattened fronds . . . bearing upon tiny stalks which 
rose from the middle vein of the leaf, the female portion 
uf tin- plant the itn-iu'uimuit disks. 
S. B. Herrick. 1'lant Life, p. 89. 
295 
archegoniate (iir-kc-go'ni-nt). . [<arclua 
ilium + -lite 1 .] Having archegonia. 
.V female (nrrh'-i /.,,.////,') prothalliimi. 
Kuril?, llrit.. \\. 1 "i 
archegonium (iir-ke-go'ni-um). //.: pi. ai-i-li, 
iimiia (-ii). [NL., < Gr. ii/i \i imn . first of a 
race, original, < /'.r<-. "/')'- fii'si (see urrlii-), + 
.iii-'i'. race: see -(///.] The pistillidium or fe- 
male organ of the higher cryptogams, having 
the same function as the pistil in flowering 
plants. It is a i ellnlar sac. ei ilitaihni- at the liotti mi a 
eel], analogous to the elnlu->o->ae of pha-noyainou?, plant*. 
which is impregnated by spclmatoy.ooids from the male 
oi-an (antberidium). From this, after fcrtili/ation. the 
new plant is produced directly, a* in the terns and their 
allies, or a spore ease i* ile\ eh-peil, a- in the mosses, when 
new plants follow upon the germination of the spores. 
archegony liii'-kcg'o-ni), ;/. [<l.r. ns it'Vifi.ir- 
;</!/</, < i/i,f ; oror, first of a nice: KQaroheffOni- 
ii m.] The doctrine of the origin of life; spe- 
cifically, the doctrine of spontaneous genera- 
tion; archebiosis; abiogcncsis. 
He [llaeekell considers that, though the doctrine of 
spontaneous generation (or iii-i-lii^i-inii) has not been 
proved, it is ijllite possible, and even probable, the ar_n 
ments against it resting on merely negative results. 
The Scotsman (newspaper). 
Archegosauria (ar'kc-go-sa'ri-a), ii. i>l. [NL. : 
see ArckegoMunu.] A suborder or other group 
of extinct labyrinthodont amphibians, typified 
by the genus .lrrln-i/ii.*anriix. The name is a 
loose synonym of f.aliyrintliodiiHlia. 
Archegosaurus (ar"ke-go-sa'rus), n. [NL., < 
Gr. /> i //."'.. beginning, originating (< apxfi, the 
beginning, -f- >'r, elaSat, lead), + aai'fmf, lizard: 
see stnirian.] A genus of extinct reptiles re- 
lated to Labi/rinthodoii (which see), supposed 
by some to be a larval form of another animal. 
Archelminthes (iir-kel-min'thez), n. pi. [< 
Gr. apx-, apx'-i first, + f'/.fiiv6ec, pi. of f//tirc, 
worm.] A hypothetical group of primitive 
worms, the supposed progenitors of the ACCK- 
liimi; primitive acoelomatous worms, of which 
a prothelmis is the conjectiu'ed parent form. 
They are supposed by Haeckcl to have been evolved in 
the primordial geologic epoch in the direct line of descent 
of the ancestors of the human race. Their nearest livinu 
relatives arc considered by him to be the TurbeUaria. 
archelogy (iir-kol'o-ji), . [< Gr. apx>l, begin- 
ning, first principle, + -/;/', < /iyeiv, speak: 
see -ology.] The science of, or a treatise on, 
first principles. 
Arehtloim treats of principles, and should not be con- 
founded with aratooiqpK w hich treats of antiquities. 
archemastryt, n. [Early mod. E. and ME., 
also archimaxtry; < archi- + mastery; perhaps 
confused with alchcmistry.] Supreme skill; 
mastery of applied science or applied mathe- 
matics. A T . E. D. 
archemyt (ar'ke-mi), n. A variant of alchemy. 
Archencephala (ar-ken-sef'a-la), H. pi. [NL., 
< Gr. apx-, first, + f^0a/of, brain: see eitcepli- 
aton.] A name proposed by Owen, in 1857, for 
the highest one of four subclasses into which 
he divided the class Mammalia according to 
the character of the brain, in this subclass the 
brain attains its maximum development in complexity, 
and especially in the relative size of the cerebrum, which 
is deeply convoluted, largely overlaps both the olfactory 
lobes and the cerebellum, and has a well-marked hippo- 
campus minor. It includes man alone, and is conterminous 
with the order Bimana of some, or the family Hominidte 
or Anthropidce of others. All the cerebral characters ad- 
duced are shared by the anthropoid a]>es, and the term is 
not in use, except as a synonym of a group of the zoologi- 
cal value of a modern family. 
archencephalic (ar*ken-se-fal'ik or -sef'a-lik), 
a. [< Archencej>liala + -ic.] Of or pertaining 
to the Archencephala ; hence, characteristic of 
the human brain alone. 
arch-enemy (iirch'en'e-mi), H. [< arch- + en- 
emy.] A chief enemy; specifically, Satan, the 
devil. 
archenteric (ar-ken-ter'ik), a. [< archenteron 
+ -ic.] Pertaining to or of the nature of an 
archenteron ; having a primitive unmodified 
enteron. 
The periaxial portion of the airhentenc space. 
K. K. Laiikester, Encyc. Brit., XII. 548. 
archenteron (iir-ken'te-ron), H. [< Gr. apx-, 
first, primitive, + ivrepoy, intestine: see ente- 
ron.] The enteron (which see) in its original 
or primitive undifferentiated state : opposed to 
melenteron. 
The hollow, which we have mentioned above as form- 
ing primarily the digestive cavity, is known as the archen- 
teron or primitive stomach. 
Stand. Xal. ll!*t., I., Int., p. xi. 
archeo-. See archwo-. 
archer (ar'cher), H. [< ME. archer, archere, 
archier, < OF. archer, archier, F. arche r = Pr. ar- 
ijiiier, archier = Sp. arqurro = Pg. arque-iro = It. 
archesthetism 
. < .ML. ;'m/-<.--. aUo iiminriii.i, a l>ow- 
iiuin, < L. iirriix, aliow: see ureli ' and /<'.] 1. 
One who uses a liow : :i liownnin; specifically, in 
medieval Kuro]ie, one who shol with the long 
bow (which see) and shaft, as distinguished 
from an arbalister or crossbowinun. In creek ait 
the all her i> generally represented in Oriental ill 
armor, an-t the n^e of the liow tiy a nati\c lireek in war i- 
rarclj mentioned ; but one of the two bowmen of the 
temple is drcsH i[ .iinl aiiin il ;i- a <>n . k. ami on a i'.asili 
entail \ a-e at Naples ( lleytlelnann. No. ll^l^). of u'oinl ' 
work, u painting n-prescnt- three \oiiths. ,-\ i. lent h (lieeks. 
sbiHitin^ with l>ows anil arrows at a eoek on a column. 
Among the Uolnans archers an- lately mentioned. 
ThroiiL'hont the miil'lle a^es tbearcbcrs tunned an imp,,] 
tant part of the armies of Knrope; but. as they were 
drawn wholly from the peasant- anil t.A\ n-]n ,,|,!e, the 
nobility and their retainei's were often suspicions of them, 
and tlie lice u--e uf the how aniuii 1 -' the common people 
a< often discouraged. In some conntlic-, too. llic arlia 
list was so nineli preferred that the lon^-tiow rame litili 
into use. In Kn^land lar^e Innlie, of archers were fur- 
nished by towns ami comities to tile loyal armies, ami 
wen- armed with >me degree of uniformity with tin -t. . I 
cap, the iranibeson ,,r hauhcrk, ami a short iloii!.le.eili;i ,1 
sword, besides bow and nuivcr. There is no record ot 
mounted archers ill the Knglinh armies, but they wei. 
i ommon on the continent ; tfie dukes of Unrgundy main 
taincil lar-c hmlies of them, and Kinu ('bailee \ II. ol 
France had a body-guard of mounted men armed with 
brigantiiie or gamin-mi, ainl i-arrying a longbow. From 
this last organization the name >n'i-)i' r.v came to he applied 
to the Imdy-guard of one of the Inter kings of France, whose 
weapon was the har(ilel'ilse. which replan 'it the liow and 
shafts, and (until the Devolution) to the watchmen or 
guards of the French cities. 
2. Same as archer-Jiali. 3. [c/.] The con- 
stellation Sagittarius. 
archeress (ar'cher-es), M. [< archvr + -tax.] A 
female archer. [Rare.] 
>lu . theref<ire. glorious (irehere** of heaven. 
Citieper, 1 hail, ix. 
archer-fish (ar'cher-fish), . A name given to 
three species of the genus TntulfS and family 
Toxotldu' (which see), occurring in the East In- 
dian and Polynesian seas. TO this flsh has been 
Archer-fish ( Toxotes chntareus). 
ascrilied the power of shooting drops of water to the dis 
tanee of 3 or 4 feet, with sure aim, at insects, causing them 
to fall into the water, when it seizes and devours them 
This )iower has been doubted or denied by several iehthy 
ologists. Also called archer and datifr-Jinh. 
archeriat (ar-ke'ri-ii), . [ML., < OF. archierc, 
< archier, an archer. Cf. archery.] In medieval 
fort., an aperture through which archers or 
longbowmen might discharge their arrows. 
See loophole, and compare balistraria. 
archership (iir'cher-ship), . Skill as an archer. 
archery (iir'cher-i), . [< ME. archerie, < OF. 
OTokene. (. archer, archier, bowman.] 1. The 
use of the bow and aiTOw ; the practice, art, or 
skill of archers ; the art of shooting with a bow 
and arrow. 2. Archers collectively. 
That venison free, and Bordeaux wine, 
Might serve the archrry to dine. 
Scott, L. of the L., v. s. 
3. In old laic, a service of keeping a bow for 
the lord's defense. 
archespore (ar'ke-spor), it. [< NL. arehettpo- 
rium, < Gr. ap%e-, first, + mr6pm;, a seed.] In 
bot., a layer of small cells within the anther, 
giving rise to the mother-cells of the pollen and 
to the very delicate lining of the anther-cell. 
The name is also given to n similar structure in some of 
the vascular cryptogams. Also called archfupt^rium. 
archesthetic (ar-kes-thet'ik), a. [< Gr. apx-, 
apxt; first, + alafhrr&f, verbal adj. of aiaOaveatiai , 
perceive: see esthetic.] Pertaining to or char- 
acteristic of archesthetism. Also spelled arch- 
a'sthetic. 
archestheticism (iir-kes-thet'i-sizm), . [< 
archesthetic + -ism.] Same as archettthetism. 
The hypothesis Q^archivnirllfi^in, then, maintains that 
consciousness as well as life preceded organism, and has 
been the primttin inoliil? in the creation of organic struc- 
ture. Science, IV. 241. 
archesthetism (ar-kes'the-tizm), M. [< arch- 
esthetic -f- -igni.] The hypothesis of the primi- 
tive creative function of consciousness ; the hy- 
pothesis that consciousness, considered as an 
attribute of matter, is primitive and a cause of 
