Araucaria 
when roasted. The More tun Bay pine of Australia, A. 
I'li/iin'iinlitt/itii. supplier a. valuable timber ust-d in making 
furniture, in hnusr- and boat-lmildhiK, and in other cnr- 
pi'iitrr-work. A s]"'ci^, A. ercflm, aliounds mi Norfolk 
Island, attaining a hc-i^ht of 200 feet. See Norfolk Island 
/"'i'-'. under i>int . 
ArbalisUT. 
( From Viollet-le-Duc's 
"Diet, du Mobilier fr.m- 
$als.") 
f. Norfolk Island Pine (draucaria excflsa). 3. Cone of 
Araitcaria Coofcii. 
araucarian (ar-a-ka'ri-an), a. and >i. [< Arau- 
rnria + -an.] I. a. Related to or having the 
characters of the genus Aranraria. 
II. n. A tree of the genus Araucaria. 
The plants of which our coal-scams are composed speak 
to us of lands covered with luxuriant growths of tree-ferns 
and ariiiifin-iaiix. (jeikit, Ice Age, p. 94. 
araucarite (a-ra'ka-rit), n. [< Araucaria + 
-jte 2 .] The name given to fragments of plants 
found fossilized in strata of different ages, and 
believed to be related to plants of the living 
genus Araucaria. Trunks occur in the coal-measures 
in tlie neighborhood of Edinburgh which have belonged 
to immense coniferous trees, referred, though witli some 
doubt, to this genus. The fruits and foliage found In the 
Secondary rock., are certainly closely related to the Aus- 
tralian araueariuns. 
araughtt. I'rctcrit otareacih. 
arauha (a-rii'o-a), n. The native name of a 
gigantic spider of the genus Mygale, found on 
the Abrolhos islands, Brazil. It preys on lizards, 
and even on young chickens. It is probably the bird- 
spider, Mygale (Avicvlaria) avicularia, or a related spe- 
cies. 
arba, . See araba 1 . 
arbaccio (ar-bach'io), n. [It. dial.] A coarse 
cloth made in Sardinia from the wool of an 
inferior breed of sheep called the Nuoro. E. S. 
Knight. 
Arbacia (iir-ba'si-a), 11. [NL.] The typical 
genus of sea-urchins of the family Arbaciida 1 . 
A. punctulata and A. nigra are two species, occurring 
respectively on the eastern and western coasts of North 
America. 
arbaciid (ar-bas'i-id), n. A sea-urchin of the 
family Arbaciida!. 
Arbaciidae (ar-ba-si'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Arba- 
cia + -id<e.] A family of desmostichous or 
endocyclical echinoids, or regular sea-urchins, 
intermediate in its general characters between 
Cidarida; and Echinidai, and having median 
ambulacral spaces appearing as bare bands. 
The family is typified by the genus Arbacia; 
another genus is C(eloj>leuri<s. 
arbalest, arbalester. See arbalist, arbalister. 
arbalete (iir-ba-laf), n. [P., < OF. arbaltste: 
see arbtili.it.] Same as arbalist, 2. 
arbalist, arbalest (iir' ba-list, -lest), . [< ME. 
arbelaste, arblast, arblest, etc. (also arweblast, 
arowblaste, as if connected with armo, arrow), < 
OP. arbaltntf, arhelexti; urbalestre, P. arbalete = 
Pr. arbalesta, albalesta, < LL. arcubalista, arcu- 
ballista : see arcubalint.] 1. A crossbow used in 
Europe in the chase and in war throughout the 
middle ages. The bow was made of steel, horn, or other 
material, and was of such great strength and stiffness that 
some mechanical appliance was used to bend it and adjust 
the string to the notch. The lighter arbalists, used in the 
chase, and generally by horsemen, required a double hook, 
which the arhalister carried at his girdle. Heavier ones 
required a kind of lever, or a windlass, or a revolving winch 
with a ratchet and long handle, to draw them ; these ap- 
pliances were separate from the arbalist, and were carried 
slung from the shoulder or at the belt. The short and 
heavy arrow of the arbalist was called a quarrel, from its 
square head, or more commonly a bolt, as distinguished 
from the shaft discharged by the longbow. Sometimes 
stones (see ftontf-bow) and leaden balls were used. The mis- 
sile of the arbalist was discharged with such force as to 
penetrate ordinary armor, and the weapon was considered 
so deadly as to be prohibited by a council of the church 
except in warfare against infidels. It could, however, be 
discharged only twice a minute. It was used especially in 
the attack and defense of fortified places. For similar 
weapons of other periods than the European middle ages, 
see <v<-\.s-/Mr. Also (irculKilitt. and formerly arblast. 
2. In lier., a crossbow used as a bearing. 
19 
289 
arbalister, arbalester (ar'ba-lis-ter, -les-ter), 
n. [< ME. arbalester, arbalasler, arblaster, etc., 
< OF. nrliiili-xticr, < ML. arcubalistariw : see ar- 
cubalister.] One armed with 
the arbalist ; a crossbowman ; 
(specially, a soldier carrying 
the arbalist of war. Also 
arouboMster. 
arbiter (iir'bi-ter), n. [= F. 
in-liitri; < L. nrhilrr, a witness, 
jiiduf, lit. one who goes to 
see, < ar- for ail, to, + beterc, 
hiirn, come.] 1. A person 
chosen by the parties in a con- 
troversy to decide their differ- 
ences; one who decides points 
at issue; an arbitrator; a ref- 
eree ; an umpire. 
The civilians make a difference be- 
tween arbiter and arbitrator, the 
former being obliged to judge ac- 
cording to the customs of the law ; 
wlici -i iis (lie latter i.s at liberty to use 
his own discretion, and accommo- 
date the difference in that manner which appears most just 
and equitable. Wh<i>-tui. 
2. In a general sense, a person who has the 
power of judging and determining absolutely ac- 
cording to his own pleasure j one whose power 
of deciding and governing is not limited ; one 
who has a matter under his sole authority for 
adjudication. 
Our plan best, I believe, combines wisdom and practica- 
bility, by providing a plurality of Counsellors, but a single 
arbiter for ultimate decision. Jefferson, Autobiog., p. 44. 
Tlie final arbiter of institutions is always the conception 
of right prevailing at the time. 
Rae, Contemporary Socialism, p. 179. 
Arbiter elegantiarum(eH-gan-shia'rum). [L.] A judge 
of the elegancies ; an authority in matters of taste. = Syn. 
Arbitrator, umpire, referee, judge ; absolute ruler, control- 
ler, governor. 
arbitert (ar'bi-ter), i'. t. [< arbiter, n.] To act 
as arbiter between ; judge. Hall. 
arbitrable! (ar'bi-tra-bl), a. [< Sp. arbitrable 
= Pg. arbitratel, < L" as if *arbitrnbilis, < arbi- 
trari, arbitrate: see arbitrate.] 1. Arbitrary; 
depending on the will. Spelman. 2. Subject 
to arbitration ; subject to the decision of an 
arbiter, court, judge, or other appointed author- 
ity; discretionary. 
The value of moneys is arbitrable according to the use 
of several kingdoms. /;/.. Hail, Cases of Conscience, i. 1. 
arbitrage (ar'bi-traj), n. [< F. arbitrage, < ar- 
bitrer, arbitrate: see arbitrate.] 1." Arbitra- 
tion. B. Cobden. [Rare.] 2. The calculation 
of the relative value at the same time, at two or 
more places, of stocks, bonds, or funds of any 
sort, including exchange, with a view to taking 
advantage of favorable circumstances or differ- 
ences in payments or other transactions ; arbi- 
tration of exchange. 
Arbitrage proper is a separate, distinct, and well-defined 
business, with three main branches. Two of these, viz., 
arbitrage or arbitration in bullion and coins, and arbitra- 
tion in bills, also called the arbitration of exchanges, fall 
within the businesses of bullion dealing and banking respec- 
tively. The third, arbitrage in stocks and shares, is arbi- 
trage properly so called, and so understood, whenever the 
word is mentioned without qualification among business 
men, and it is strictly a Stock Exchange business. 
Encyc. Brit., II. 311. 
3. The business of bankers which is founded 
on calculations of the temporary differences in 
the price of securities, and is carried on through 
a simultaneous purchase in the cheaper and 
sale in the dearer market. 
arbitrager (ar'bi-tra-jer), n. A banker or a 
broker who engages in arbitrage operations, 
arbitrageur (ar-bi-tra-zher'), . [F.] Same as 
arbitrager. 
As a rule, the arbitrage properly known as such is the 
business of an arbitrageur, who is almost always a mem- 
ber of a .Stock Exchange or "Bourse," and his arbitrations 
with very few exceptions are neither In bullion nor in bills, 
but in Government and other stocks and shares. 
Encyc. Brit., II. 311. 
arbitral (ar'bi-tral), a. [< LL. arbitralis, < L. 
arbiter, arbiter.] Relating to arbitration ; sub- 
ject to review and adjudication Decree arbi- 
tral. See decree. 
arbitrament (ar-bit'ra-ment), K. [< ME. arbi- 
tr/ment, arbitrament, < ()F.'arbitrenient= Pr. ar- 
bitramen^Sp. arbitramiento = Pg. arbitrament, 
(. ML. arbitramentum, < L. arbitrari, arbitrate: 
see arbitrate.] 1. The power or right to decide 
for one's self or for others ; the power of abso- 
lute and final decision. 
Liberty, and Life, and Death would soon . . . 
Lie in the arbitrement of those who ruled 
Tlie capital City. Wordsworth, Prelude, x. 
2. The act of deciding a dispute as an arbiter 
or arbitrator ; the act of settling a claim or dis- 
arbitrate 
pute which has been referred to arbitration; 
the absolute and authoritative settlement of 
any matter. 
Want will force him tn put it to arMtn n ,/t. 
Hawiu'.irr, New Way to Pay old Debts, il. 1. 
This tax was regulated by a law made nn purpose, and 
not left to the arbitrament of partial or interested persons. 
./. Ail,i,,is. Work.. V. Jt. 
3. The decision or sentence pronounced by an 
arbiter. [In this sense award is now more 
common in legal use.] 
To discover the grounds on which . . . usage base* its 
arbilriiiiKuts. ballle>. nut -eld .mi utmost ingenuity ot 
speculation. /'. Hull. Mod. Kng.. p. ::l 
Sometimes spelleil nrhitrniinii. 
arbitrarily (ar'bi-tra-ri-H), ndv. In an arbi- 
trary manner; at will; capriciously; without 
sufficient reason; in an irresponsible or des- 
potic way. 
The Bishop of Dunkeld, who . . . had opposed tli 
eminent, wa* " <-i>i>>-, ''In j ' '< d from bi.i sei , and a suc- 
cessor was appointed. Miii-diilnii, Hist. Kng., vi. 
arbitrariness (iir'bi-trii-ri-nes), n. The quality 
of being arbitrary. 
Consciousness is an entangled plexus which cannot be 
ent into parts without more or le-- n, 
II. Xi-iu-rr, Pi-iii. of Psycho]., ! 480. 
arbitrarioust (iir-bi-tra'ri-us), a. [< L. arbitra- 
rius: see arbitrari/.] Arbitrary. Xorris. 
arbitrariouslyt (ai'-bi-tra'ri-us-li), adv. Arbi- 
trarily. Burrow, 
arbitrary (ar'bi-tra-ri), a. [= F. arbitraire = 
Pr. arbitrari = Sp. Pg. It. arbitrario, < L. arbitra- 
rius, of arbitration, hence uncertain, depending 
on the will. < arbiter, arbiter, umpire : see arbi- 
ter.] 1. Not regulated by fixed rule or law; 
determinable as occasion arises ; subject to in- 
dividual will or judgment ; discretionary. 
Indifferent things are left arbitrary to ug. 
Bp. ifall, Remains, p. 277. 
2. In law, properly determinable by the choice 
or pleasure of a tribunal, as distinguished from 
that which should be determined according to 
settled rules or the relative rights or equities 
of the parties. Thus, whether the judge will take and 
state an account himself, or refer it to an auditor, is a 
question resting in his arbitrary discretion ; whether, also, 
a particular person Is qualified to act as auditor is a ques- 
tion involving judicial or legal discretion. 
3. Uncontrolled by law ; using or abusing un- 
limited power; despotic; tyrannical. 
For sure, If Dulness sees a grateful day, 
'Tis in the shade of arbitrary sway. 
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 182. 
Could I prevail upon my little tyrant here to he less ar- 
bitrary, I should be the happiest man alive. 
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, v. 
Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins 
of liberty abused to licentiousness. Washington. 
4. Not characterized by or manifesting any 
overruling principle ; fixed, determined, or per- 
formed at will ; independent of rule or control. 
A great number of arbitrary signs, various and opposite, 
do constitute a language. If such arbitrary connection be 
instituted by men, it is an artificial language ; if hy the 
Author of Nature, it is a natural language. Bp. Berkeley. 
They perpetually sacrifice nature and reason to arbi- 
trary canons of taste. ilacaulay, Dryden. 
By an arbitrary proceeding, I mean one conducted by 
the private opinions or feelings of the man who attempts 
to regulate. Burke. 
5. Ungpverned by reason; hence, capricious; 
uncertain; unreasonable; varying; changeful: 
as, an arbitrary character. 
My disappointments, as a general thing, . . . had too 
often been the consequence of arbitrary preconceptions. 
//. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 2S3. 
Arbitrary constant, in math., a quantity which by a dif- 
ferential equation is required to have the same value for 
all values of the variable, while this constant value re- 
mains indeterminate. Arbitrary discretion. .See ait- 
cretion. Arbitrary function, in math., a quantity which 
is required by a partial differential equation to remain un- 
changed as long as certain variables remain unchanged, 
but which may vary in any manner with these variables, 
subject only to the condition of having differential coeffi- 
cients with respect to them. Arbitrary homonyms. 
See homonym. = Syn. Capricious, unlimited, irresponsible, 
uncontrolled, tyrannical, domineering, imperious. 
arbitrate (ar'bi-trat), r. ; pret. and pp. arbi- 
trated, ppr. arbitrating. [< L. arbitrates, pp. of 
arbitrari (> It. arbitrare = Pg. Sp. Pr. arbitrar 
= F. arbitrer), be a witness, act as umpire, < 
arbiter, umpire: see arbiter.] I. intrans. 1. To 
act as an arbitrator, or formal umpire between 
contestants; mediate. 
In the disputes of kings, the weaker party often appealed 
to the Pope, and thus gave him an opportunity to arbitrate 
or command. Woolxrii, Introd. to Inter. Law, i 8. 
2. To decide ; determine ; settle a question or 
rule otherwise indeterminate. 
Some (words] become equivocal by changing their sig- 
nification, and some fall obsolete, one cannot tell why. 
for custom or caprice arbitrates], guided by no law. 
1. D'lsraeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 172. 
