Araliaceae 
parilla. The true rice-paper of the Chinese, obtained only 
from the island of Formosa, is made from the pith of 
another arallaceoiu plant, rutxiii /;///;//'</. Ihe order Is 
represented in temprratc Nnrtli America only by the genus 
Aralia, of which there arc cifilit species, and by a single 
species of Fal.-n'a on the 1'aciric coast. 
araliaceous (a-ra-li-a'shius), a. [< NL. ara- 
liaceus.] Belonging to or resembling the Ara- 
liacnv. 
Aramaean, . Sec Aramean. 
Aramaic (ar-a-ma'ik), a. anil n. [< LL. as if 
"Arumaii'iix, < Gr. 'Apa/taia, LL. Aratiuea, prop- 
erly fern, of 'AfKiftaiof, L. Arama-itx, adj., formed 
on Heb. Aram, the name given to the districts 
comprehended in Mesopotamia, northern Syria, 
the region of Damascus, and eastern Palestine 
southward to Arabia Petrrea.] Same as Ara- 
mean. 
The Amman 1 , speech began to extend itself beyond its 
original limits. Isaac Taylor, Tile Alphabet, L 283. 
Aramean, Aramaean (ar-a-me'an), a. and . 
i< LL. AnniKi-iis, < Gr. 'Apa/iaios : see Aramaic.'] 
a. Belonging or relating to the northern 
division of the Semitic family of languages and 
peoples, containing the Mesopotamian, the 
Syrian (extending over Palestine prior to the 
Christian era), and the Nabateau; Chaldean; 
Chaldaic ; Syrian : in distinction from the west- 
ern or middle Semitic (Phenician and Hebrew) 
and the south Semitic (Arabic and Ethiopia). 
The Aramean alphabet attained an even wider exten- 
sion than the Aramaic speech, and at length extirpated 
all the independent North Semitic scripts. 
I mac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 283. 
II. n. 1. The language of the northwestern 
Semites, preserved in the Biblical books of 
Ezra and Daniel, in the Targums, and in the 
Peshito version of the Scriptures, together 
with the Christian Syriac literature. 2. An 
inhabitant or a native of Arameea or Syria. 
The Arainaiam also . . . have the form "mata." 
N. A. Kef., CXXVII. 523. 
Arameanism (ar-a-me'an-izm), . [< Aramean 
+ -ism.] Same as Aramism. 
Aramidae (a-ram'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Aramus 
+ -ida;.] A family of grallatorial birds, con- 
fined to the warmer parts of America, and form- 
ing a connecting link between the cranes and 
the rails, or the gruiform and ralliform birds. 
The principal osteological and pterylographic characters 
are those of the cranes, while the digestive system and 
the general habits and appearance are those of the rails. 
There are a pair of caeca, a pair of carotid arteries, and a 
pair of syringeal muscles. The family consists of the single 
genus Aramun (which see). 
Aramides (a-ram'i-dez), it. [NL., < Aramus + 
-ides.'} A genus of American ralliform birds, of 
the family Kallidai and subfamily EalUnas; the 
American crakes, or small rails with short bills. 
The genus contains about 20 species, chiefly of Central and 
South America ; it is sometimes restricted to one group of 
these, other names, as Porzana, Cotttrnicops, and Creciscits, 
being used for the rest. 
Aramism (ar'a-mizm), . [< Aram- (in Ara- 
maic, etc.) + -ism.] An idiom of the Aramean 
or Chaldee language ; a Chaldaism. Also Ara- 
meanism. 
Aramus (ar'a-mus),M. [NL.; etym. unknown.] 
The typical and only genus of the family Ara- 
midte, containing the courlans, caraus, or crying- 
birds. They are about 2 feet long, of chocolate-brown 
color streaked with white, with short and rounded wings, 
a falcate first primary, a short tail of 12 feathers, and cleft 
toes. The hinder toe is elevated, and the tarsus is scutel- 
late anteriorly, and as long as the bill. The bill is twice 
as long as the head, slender but strong, compressed, con- 
tracted opposite the linear nostrils, grooved about half its 
length, and enlarged and decurved in the terminal portion. 
A. ^ictus (Coues) inhabits Florida, where it is known as the 
limpkin ; another species, A. scolopaceus, the scolopaceons 
courlan, is found in the warmer parts of America. See 
cottrlan. 
Aranea (a-ra'ne-a), >i. [L., a spider, a spider's 
web ( > E. arain, q. v. ) ; also araneus, m. , a spider ; 
cf. Gr. apdxvr/f, Attic dpa^vr/, poet, dpa^vof, a 
spider, perhaps connected with ap/ci>f, a net.] 
1. An old genus of spiders, more or less exactly 
equivalent to the modern superfamily Araneida. 
By various restrictions it has been reduced to the value of 
one of the modern families or genera of spiders, and has 
been eliminated entirely from some systems. Aranea 
domestica, the common house-spider, is now Tegenaria do- 
mestica. Also Araneus. 
2. [NL., neut. pi.] A former group of spiders, 
intermediate between a modern order and a 
modern genus. 
araneal (a-ra'ne-al), a. [< L. aranea, a spider, 
+ -al. ] Pertaining to or resembling the spider. 
araneid (a-ra'ne-id), . Same as araneidan. 
Araneida (ar-a-ne'i-da), n. pi. [NL., < Aranea 
+ -ida.] A superfamily and subgroup of the 
class Aracknida, now usually called an order, 
containing the spiders as distinguished from 
the mites, scorpions, and other arachnidans: 
Mygalt ciementaria, typical of Araneida. 
A, female, natural size: At, chelicerae: 
It", pedipalpi ; V ', yf, maxillary feet ; 
yil', Vlli , thoracic feet ; CtH, cephalotho- 
rax. B, last joint of pedtpalpus of male, 
much magnified. See cut under chelictra. 
288 
practically synonymous and conterminous with 
IHmerosomata or Ptdmotrachearia. The spiders 
breathe by two or mure pulmonary sacs, combined or not 
with tracheic. The abdomen is not segmented, and is dis- 
tinctly separated from the cephalothorax ; they have no 
antennae, as such, but a pair of palps ; they have from 2 to 
8 simple eyes, and 
8 legs of 7 joints 
each. The abdomi- 
nal BopendiffM&n 
modified into an 
arachnidium or 
spinneret, the ap- 
paratus by which 
cobweb, gossamer. 
and other kinds 
of spider-silk are 
spun from a se- 
cretion of ghuiiln- 
lar organs. There 
are also always 
poison-glands con- 
nected with the 
mouth-parts. The 
division of the 
group varies with 
every leading wri- 
ter as to number 
of suborders or 
families and their 
arrangement, some 
admitting but two 
or three families, others several suborders and upward of 
twenty families, while the diversities of detail are endless. 
A prime division is into Dianeummet, those having two 
pulmonary sacs (the great bulk of the order), and Tetra- 
piifumones, with four ; or according to the number of stig- 
mata, those having two pairs (TelraMcta) or only one pair 
(Trixtieta); or according to the number of eyes, whether 
2, 4, 6, or 8 ; or, finally, according to the way in which they 
move about and spin their webs. Some authors adopt 
three families : Araneidte, Lycosidoe, and Mygalidce. Also 
Araneidea, Araneina. 
Araneidae (ar-a-ne'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Aranea 
+ -ida;.] The spiders, considered as a family; 
the spinning spiders. The group approaches more or 
less nearly in extent the order Arcineula. In some systems 
the term disappears, being conterminous with the order, 
which then is divided into numerous families of other 
names. 
araneidan (ar-a-ne'i-dan), n. [< Araneida + 
-an.] One of the Araneida ; any spider. Also 
araneid. 
Araneidea (ar-a-ne-i-de'a), n. pi. [NL.] Same 
as Araneida. 
araneiform (a-ra'ne-i-form), a. [< NL. aranei- 
formis, < L. aranea, a spider, + forma, form.] 
1. Spider-like in form; resembling a spider; 
belonging to the Araneida, as distinguished 
from other arachnidans. 2. Of or pertaining 
to the Araneiformia. 
Araneiformes (a-ra"ne-i-f6r'mez), n. pi. [NL., 
pi. of araneiformis : see araneiform.'] Same as 
Araneiformia. 
Araneiformia (a-ra"ne-i-f6r'mi-a), TO. pi. [NL., 
neut. pi. of araneiformis: see araneiform.'] A 
group of spider-like marine animals: synony- 
mous with Pycnoaonida (which &ee). They are 
sometimes placed with the Crustacea in an order or a sub- 
class called Podosomata, sometimes in Arachnida, some- 
times combined with the Arctisca in a subclass Pseuda- 
rachna, and sometimes otherwise disposed of. They have 
a rudimentary unsegmented abdomen, a suctorial mouth, 
and 4 pairs of long, jointed legs, but are destitute of re- 
spiratory organs. Some are parasitic. 
Araneina (a-ra-ne-i'na), n. pi. [NL., < Aranea 
+ -ina.] Same as Araneida. 
araneologist (a-ra-ne-pl'o-jist), n. [< arane- 
ology + -ist.] One skilled in araueology. 
araheology (a-ra-ne-ol'6-ji), . [< L. aranea, 
a spider, + Gr. -/loym,< f.syeiv, speak: see-ology.] 
That department of entomology which relates 
to spiders. 
The facts . . . were new to the field of American ara- 
neology. Science, IV. 24. 
araneose (a-ra'ne-6s), a. [< L. araneosns, full 
of or like spiders' webs, < aranea, a spider's 
web, also a spider: see Aranea.] Covered with 
hairs crossing one another, like the rays in a 
spider's web ; arachnoid. 
araneous (a-ra'ne-us), . [As araneose, or after 
L. araneus, pertaining to a spider or to a spi- 
der's web, < aranea, a spider, spider's web : see 
araneose.] If. Full of cobwebs. 2. Resem- 
bling a cobweb ; extremely thin and delicate, 
like spider's silk or gossamer; covered with 
delicate tangled hairs like cobweb ; arachnoid. 
Araneous membrane. Same as arachnoid, n.,2. 
arango (a-rang'go), . [A native name.] A 
kind of bead made of rough carnelian, generally 
of a cylindrical shape. Such beads, imported from 
Bombay, constituted an article of traffic with Africa pre- 
vious to the abolition of the slave-trade. 
arapaima (ar-a-pi'ma), n. [S. Amer. native 
name.] 1. Tne name of the largest known 
fresh-water fish, Arapainta gigas, an inhabitant 
of Brazil and Guiana, said to attain a length of 
15 feet and a weight of 400 pounds. It is of eco- 
Araucaria 
nomical importance as a food-fish. 2. [cap.] 
[NL.] A genus of malacopterygian abdominal 
fishes, of the family Oxteor/lossidif, remarkable 
for their size and the mosaic work of their hard 
bony compound scales. A. i/ii/fix is an example. 
araphorostic, araphostic, ". See arrhaphogttc. 
arapunga (ar-a-pung'ga), ii. [S. Amer. native 
name.] A South American oscine passerine 
bird of the family Cotingidte and subfamily 
Gijmnodcrina; ; the bell-bird, campanero, or 
averano, Chasmorhynchus niveus; one of the 
fruit-crows, with a long erectile tubular process 
on the head, rising sometimes to the height of 
several inches. It is remarkable for its clear, far- 
sounding notesof apeculiarly resonant or bell-like quality, 
continued through the heat of the day, when most birds 
are silent, and therefore readily heard at a great distance. 
Arapunga, or Campanero (CHasmorkynchvs nneus). 
The bird is of about the size of a pigeon, and the plumage 
of the adult is pure white. The native name was made a 
generic term by Lesson in 1831. The bird is nearly related 
to the umbrella-birds, Cephalopteru*. 
arara (a-ra'ra), n. [Braz. Cf. Ara 2 .] A kind 
of macaw, Ara maracann. 
araracanga (a-ra-ra-kang'ga), n. Same as 
aracanga. 
araramboya (ar"a-ram-bo'ya), n. [Braz.] A 
name of the bojobi or dog-headed boa of Brazil, 
Xiphosoma caninum. 
ararauna (ar-a-ra'na), n. [Braz.] The blue 
and yellow rriacaw, " Psittacns ararauna (Lin- 
nseus), now Ara ararauna. 
araroba (ar-a-ro'ba), n. Same as ehrysarobin. 
arar-tree (af'ar-tre), n. The sandarac-tree of 
Morocco, Callitris quadrivalvis. See sandarac- 
tree. 
araseH (a-ras' ), r. t. [Also written arace, < OF. 
araser, raze, demolish, < a. to, + rax, level : 
see o-H and rase, raze, ana ef. erase.] 1. To 
raze; level with the ground. 2. To erase. 
arase-t, v. t. Same as arace 1 . 
arasene, Same as arrasene. 
arastra (a-ras'tra), n. Same as arrastre. 
aration (a-ra'shon), n. [< L. aratio(n-), < arare, 
pp. aratits, plow: see arable.] Plowing; til- 
lage. [Rare.] 
It would suffice to teach these four parts of agriculture ; 
flrst aration, and all things belonging to it. 
Cowley, Works (ed. 1710), II. 710. 
aratory (ar'a-to-ri), a. [< ML. aratorius, < L. 
orator, plower,'< arare, pp. aratus, plow: see 
arable.] Relating or contributing to tillage. 
aratrum terrae (a-ra'trum ter e). [ML., a 
plowgate of land : aratrum, a portion of land 
as much as could be plowed with one plow (a 
special use of L. aratrum, plow, < arare, plow: 
see arable); terra;, gen. of L. terra, land.] In 
Scots law, a plowgate of land, consisting of 
eight oxgates, because anciently the plow was 
drawn by eight oxen. 
Araucan (a-ra'kan), n. Same as Araueanian. 
Araucanian (ar-a-ka'ni-an), a. and n. [< Arau- 
cania, < Araucanos, the Araucanians, a tribe of 
Indians inhabiting the southern parts of Chili.] 
I. a. Of or pertaining to Araucania, a territory 
in the southern part of Chili, mainly comprised 
in the modern provinces of Arauco and Valdivia. 
II. . A native or an inhabitant of Arau- 
cania. The aboriginal Arancanians are a partially civil- 
ized race who have never been conquered by Europeans ; 
but in 1883 the portion of them living on the mainland 
voluntarily submitted to the Chilian government. 
Araucaria (ar-a-ka'ri-a), . [NL.,< Arauc(ania) 
+ -aria. ] A genus of Conifcra;, the representa- 
tive of the pine in the southern hemisphere, 
found in South America, Australia, and some of 
the islands of the Pacific. The species are large ever- 
green trees with verticillate spreading branches covered 
with stiff, narrow, pointed leaves, and bearing large cones, 
each scale having a single large seed. The species best 
known in cultivation is A. imbricata (the Chili pine or 
monkey-puzzle), which is quite hardy. It is a native of 
the mountains of southern Chili, where it forms vast for- 
ests, and yields a hard, durable wood. Its seeds are eaten 
