bark 
by harking brings tin limit. -r to a tree other than that in 
which the name has really taken refuse. [('ol!i>i(., I . S. j 
II. t li'niiK. 1. To utter or give fortli witli ;t 
bark. 2. To break out with: as, to barl; out 
flame. 
bark 1 (biirk), . [< biu-lc\ .] Tlio abrupt ex- 
plosive cry of a dog; hence, n cry resembling 
that of tlic dog, uttered by soino other animals. 
-His bark Is worse than his bite, little harm in |.,,r- 
tended ly his an^ry thtvats, faultllndnr.,', ete., as liy the 
threatening Imrk of a dog which ruruly or never bites. 
bark" (liiivk), . [< ME. b<irl;<; \inrk, Imrc, < lato 
AS. bare, < Icel. Ix'irkr (gen. liarkar) = Sw. btirk 
= Dan. hnrk = ML(1. Ui. borke (> G. borl.-r], 
bark. Possibly connected with Icel. bjarga = 
AS. beorqun <1. ln-ri/fn, etc., cover, protect: 
Bee&wy". The older E. word for 'bark' is )/<,.] 
1. Generally, the covering of the woody stems, 
branches, and roots of plants, as distinct and 
separable from the wood itself. In its strictest 
.. n-iil i!i<- sense it is limited to the dry and dead portion 
i>i tiiis covering, as futind on exogenous plants, which 
usually consists of parenehymu or soft cellular tissue, cork, 
anil hast, in varying proportions. See bastl, corfcl, and 
i-/>/>li'rin/x. It is very diverse and often complicated in 
structure, varying in these respects with the species upon 
vvliirh it i.s found; hut it is usually arranged in annular 
roncvntrir layers. As these become distended hy the 
thickening of the, stern, the outer layers often eraek and 
art! gradually east off. In the bark the nieilieinal and 
other peculiar properties of the plant are usually abun- 
ilant, t-speeially tannin and many alkaloids. The younger 
and softer layer lyinii next to tin; young wood is called 
inner bark, librr, or h<t*t. See cut under li*t. 
2. Specifically () In jihar., Peruvian or 
Jesuits' bark (KIT I'iiicliiiiin). (l>) In tanning, 
oak and hemlock barks Alstonia bark, a hitter 
liark obtained from the Alstonia scholaris, an apocyna- 
ceous forest-tree of the tropics of the old world. It is 
used in India as a tonic and antiperiodic. The Alstonia or 
Qmeadud fever-bark of Australia is the product of Al- 
xtmiia constricta. Angostura or Cusparia bark, the 
product of a rutaeeous shruh, Galipea Cusparia, of the 
niouiitains of Venezuela, a valuable tonic in dyspepsia 
dysentery, and chronic diarrhea. It was formerly prized 
as a febrifuge, and is now much used in making a kind 
of hitters. Its use in medicine was discontinued for a 
time, because of the introduction into the markets of a 
false An-ostiira bark, obtained from the nnx-vomica tree, 
which produced fatal effects. Also Angustura bark. 
Arlca bark, same as Cuxco bark. Ashy crown bark, 
the bark of Cinchona jnacrocalyx. Bebeeru or bibiru 
bark. See Mteent. Bitter bark. See Georgia bark. 
Bogota bark, the bark of Cinchona lanei.Mia.- Boldo 
bark. See Miln. Bolivian or callsaya bark, the bark 
of I'inchnna Calisaya. Canella bark. See Canellal. 
Carabaya bark, the bark of Cinchona elliptica. Carib- 
bean or West Indian bark, the bark of a rubiacemis 
tree, Kxoxtt'miiM Cariblnvum, nearly allied to the genus 
Cinchona, used in making tonic hitters and in medicine 
as a substitute for cinchona bark. Carolina bark. See 
Georgia bark. Carthagena bark, a general name for 
varieties of cinchona bark brought from the northern ports 
of South America, generally of inferior quality. Cas- 
cara amarga or Honduras bark, a bitter bark, said to be 
obtained from I'icrainnia antide-sina. a simaruhaceous tree 
of t ropical America. Cascara sagrada bark, the bark 
of Rhammtx t'nrshiana of California, used as a tonic aperi- 
ent Cascarilla, sweetwood, or Eleuthera bark, the 
bark of (Jroton Kleitteria t a euphorbiaceous shrub of the Ba- 
hamas. It is an aromatic, bitter tonic. Cassia bark. 
SeeCaxia. China bark, Peru vian bark, (a) See Cm- 
chona. (b) The bark of Cascnrilla (Bueiui) hexandra, a 
ruhiaceous tree of the western coast of South America, 
which is used as a substitute for cinchona. Clove-bark. 
Same as clove-cassia (which see, under cassia). Colom- 
bian bark, the bark of Cinchona pitayensin, C. lancifolia, 
and C. cordifolia.Conesai bark, a bark obtained from 
Holarrhena antidysent.rrica, an arborescent composite of 
India, where it is of considerable repute as a remedy for 
dysentery and as a tonic febrifuge. Sometimes called 
TMic.herry bark. Coquetta bark, the bark of Cinchona 
lancifolia. Ciown bark. Same as loxa bark. Culila- 
wan bark, a valuable aromatic, pungent bark, the pro- 
duce of Cinnamomnni or Launts Culilaican, a tree of the 
Moluccas, useful in indigestion, diarrhea, etc. Sometimes 
written culilaivanff. Cuprea bark, a bark obtained from 
several species of the rulnaceous genus Remijia, of tropi- 
cal South America, largely imported into England for the 
manufacture of quinine. CuscO bark, the bark of Cin- 
chona pubesceng, variant Pelleleriana. Also called Arica 
fcanfc. Cusparia bark. See Angostura bark. Boom 
bark, the bark of Enfthrophlteum Guineense. Doun- 
dake bark, the name of several barks obtained from the 
west coast of Africa, possessing tonic, febrifugal, and other 
medicinal properties. The best-known kind is the pro- 
duct of a rubiaceous plant, Sarcocephalun esculentus. 
Eleuthera bark. See cascarilla bark. Elk bark, the 
bark of 3lH<iiiolia uliiitm. Also called Indian bark. 
Essential salt of bark, an aqueous extract of cinchona 
bark. -False loxa bark, the bark of Cinchona Iluin- 
bolittiana. -Florida bark. See Georgia bark. French 
Guiana bark, a bark obtained from Coutarea speciosa, 
a rubiaceous tree of tropical South America, having feb- 
rifugal properties. Fusagasuga bark, a variety of Car- 
thagena bark. Georgia, bitter, Carolina, or Florida 
bark, the hark of the Pinckneya pitbens, a small ruhia- 
ceous tree of the southern United States, having the same 
properties as French Guiana hark. Honduras bark, 
See cascara ainarfja bark. Huamilies bark, the bark 
of Cin<-ln*n:t /"iffnin'a. Indian barberry bark, the 
root-bark of several East Indian speeies of lierberi#, used 
as a tonic ami in the treatment of fevers, diarrhea, etc. 
Indian bark, the bark of Maunolia alauca. Also called 
elk bark. lion bark, the bark of Evcalijptus rerinifera. 
Jaen bark, the bark of Cinchona Ilumboldtiana. 
Jamaica bark, the bark of Cinchona Caribbcea. Jes- 
uits' bark, 1'eruvian bark. Jesuits' Bark Act, an 
453 
English statute of 180S forbidding the exportation of 
Jesuits (Peruvian) bark, e\t ept to Ireland. Lima bark, 
the bark of ('.'//,-/..,,, I'l-i-nriniin, l\ niliila. and C. mi 
cniniiia,- Loxa bark, the bark of r>m7,.., 
Also called cnnm luirk. Malambo bark, an aromatic 
balk obtained from the <Y,I/M,I Mutn nifm, a eliphorbia- 
.hrubof Vene/uelaand .V-u (iranada. it is employ'fil 
as a remedy for diarrhea and as a M iniifii-e. and is -aid 
to be largely used in the Inited States f,,i- the a.lnlter- 
ati f spices. Mancona bark, tin- bark of Kriiiln-n- 
fitiiifnin tiiiini, >!."'. - Maracaibo bark, tbe bark of r/,,- 
i-honii in. 'a i, n ;... Margpsa or Him bark, the bark of 
M i-lut 1 ilii-n, used ill India as a tonie and ant i periodic. 
Mezereon bark, the bark of /;/''"" Matrnm. It is 
aerid and irritant and is used in liniments and as a rem- 
edy in venereal, rheninatie, and serufnlinis eutiiplainK 
Neem bark, the bark of ,uw, ,-,;,/,/ imin-n. New 
bark, the bark t,f Casmrilla Mongolia. Nim bark, 
See MOfffOM brti-lc. - Oak bark. >' i <,i"-', > i (llha, under 
Quercus. Ordeal bark, the bark of A', -.//A.-.. /'/</'' 
Guineeiute. Pale bark, a name applied to tbe haiksni 
Cinchfina ttfficinalis, C. itiii>/''. i '. tMcrtmtha, (.'. purpurea, 
and C. iiui H i,iii,iiiii,i,i. Palton bark, the bark of >', 
(inn in iiiiti-i'iii'iiti/.i-. \ariant 1'i'itnn. Peruvian bark. - s ei 
chiiutiinrk. pi taya bark, the bark ot fi,,, -in, mi /ninin-n- 
rig. Quebracho bark, the bark of Atpidomtrna ',"<-- 
bracho, an api iey M act-oils tree of Hrazil. It contains se\eia! 
peculiar alkaloitls, and is said to be eitieaeious in the cure 
of dyspno'a. -Red bark, the bark of fiwlm mi si>,-fn-,iliru . 
Red Cusco bark, the hark of Cinflt"nn < min'i-olata. 
Rohun bark, a bitter Mtringeut tiark, fromNi<v/i iitu ii in-, 
J a 'in, a meli aeeni is tree of India, where it is used as an as- 
tringent, tonic, ami ant i perindie.-- Royal bark, the bark 
tjf ('iiti'ltonit I'nfilir'nti't. St. Lucia bark, tin; bark of Kx- 
tuii'iiiiun tlin-ihiimlii. Samadera bark, the inner bark of 
It is intensely i .in er. Santa Ana bark, the bark of Cin- 
chona xiv./</< -iiiiitn. Santa Martha bark, a cinchona 
hark shipped from Santa Martha. Sassy bark, the bark 
ot BrytXrophlaum Ovirufiut. Sweetwood bark. See 
cascarilla bark. West Indian bark. See Caribbean 
bark. Wild-cherry bark, the hark of /YI//H/* i 
ana. Winter's bark, an astringent pungent bark ob- 
tained from a magnoliaceous tree, MMmyt KV/if.-/-/, native 
of the mountains of western America from Mexico to 
t 'ape Horn. It is a stimulating tonic and antiscorbutic. 
Paratudo bark is a variety of it. Most of the so-called 
Winter's bark of commerce is the product of Cinnamo- 
deiulron corticosum and Canella alba of the West Indies. 
bark 2 (bark), r. t. [= Sw. barka = Dan. barke, 
tan; from the noun.] 1. To strip off the bark 
of, or remove a circle of bark from, as a tree ; 
peel; specifically, to scrape off the outer or 
dead bark of. See barking 2 , 1. 
This pine is bark'd 
That overtopp'd them all. 
shnk., A. and ('., iv. 10. 
Hence 2. To strip or rub off the outer cov- 
ering of (anything, as the skin) : as, to bark 
one's shins. 
So after getting up [the tree] three or four feet, down 
they came slithering to the ground, barkiny their arms 
and faces. T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, ii. 4. 
3. To cover or inclose with bark : as, to bark 
a house. 4f. To cover, as the bark does a 
tree ; incrust. 
A most instant tetter Itarkd about, 
Most lazar-like, with vile and loathsome crust, 
All my smooth body. Shak., Hamlet, i. 5. 
5. To apply bark to, as in the process of tan- 
ning ; tan. 6. To color with an infusion or a 
decoction of bark : as, to bark sails or cordage. 
7. To kill (game) by the concussion of a 
bullet which strikes the bark of a limb at the 
spot on which the animal is crouched, or by 
the flying bark. 
fiarkinff off squirrels is a delightful sport, and in my 
opinion requires a greater degree of accuracy than any 
other. I first witnessed this near Frankfort. The per- 
former was the celebrated Daniel lioone. 
J. J. Audubon, Ornith. Biog., I. 293. 
bark 3 (bark), n. [Also barque, after P. ; < late 
ME. barke, barque, < F. barque = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. 
barca = D. bark = MHG. G. barke = Dan. 
bark = Icel. barki, < LL. barca (ML. also barga, 
> OP. barge, > E. barge 1 , q. v.), regarded by 
some as a syncopated form of an assumed LL. 
"barica, a quasi-adj. formation, < L. baris, < 
Gr. (tapir, < Egypt. (Coptic) bari, a flat-bottomed 
boat used in Egypt ; but more prob. of Celtic 
or even of Teut. origin.] 1. Naut., a three- 
masted vessel, fore-and-aft rigged on the miz- 
zenmast, the other two masts being square- 
rigged. 2. A vessel of any kind, especially a 
sailing vessel of small size. 
bark-mill 
barkeeper (biir'ke' l 'per), . One who has dun-",.- 
of the bar of an inn or other place of public 
entertainment ; a bartender. 
barken 1 (biir'kenor-kn), . [So.; < bark'* + -,-i, 
as in harden, stiffen, etc.] I. iittrami. To ! 
come hard; form a crust. 
O steer my bark to Erin's isle, 
For Erin is my home. 
Moore. 
barkantine, barkentine (bar'kan-ten, -ken- 
ten), n. [< bark 3 , on type of brigantine^."] A 
three-masted vessel, with the foremast square- 
rigged, and the mainmast and mizzenmast fore- 
and-aft rigged. Also barquantine, barquenthie. 
bark-bed (bark'bed), n. In hort., a bed formed 
of the spent bark that has been used by tan- 
ners. The bark is placed in a brick pit in a glazed house 
constructed for forcing or for the growth of tender plants. 
Artificial warmth and dampness are produced by the 
fermentation of the bark. Also called oark-*toce. 
bark-bound (bark ' bound), a. Hindered in 
growth by having the bark too firm or close. 
that saves plaisters. N.wf, <;u\ Manneiin--'. 1. 171. 
II. trtinx. To tan (or dye) with bark. 
Erne tlsed to help me tumble the bundles o' barkened 
leather up ami down. ,SV'^, Heart of Midlothian, v. 
barken 2 (bar'ken or -kn), a. [< burkV + -*'-'.] 
Consisting or made of bark : as, " barken knots," 
H'hittier. [Rare.] 
barkentine, n. See barkantine. 
barker 1 (bar'ker), n. [< bark 1 , r., + -cr 1 .] 1. 
An animal that barks ; a person who clamors 
unreasonably. 
They are rather enemies of my fame than me, these 
barkers. B. Jontion, Discoveries. 
2. The spotted redshank, Totanus fnscus. Al- 
bin; Montagu. [Prov. Eng.] 3. A person sta- 
tioned at the door of a house where auctions 
of inferior goods are held, to invite strangers 
to enter; atouter; a tout. [Cant.] 4. A pis- 
tol. [Slang.] 5. A lower-deck gun in a ship. 
barker 2 (bar'ker), n. [< bark?, v., + -er 1 .] 1. 
One who strips trees of their bark. 2f. A tan- 
ner. 
Barker's mill. See mill 1 . 
barkery (bar'ker-i), n. ; pi. barkeries (-iz). [< 
bark' 2 + -ery.'} A tan-house, or a place where 
bark is kept. 
bark-feeder (biirk'fe'der), n. A bark-eating 
insect or animal. 
barking 1 (bar'king), n. [Verbal n. of bark 1 , r.] 
The uttering of an abrupt explosive cry, as that 
of a dog. 
barking* (bar'king), n. [Verbal n. of bark*, .] 
1. The process of stripping bark from trees, of 
removing a ring of bark from a tree so as to 
kill it, or of scraping dead bark from fruit-trees 
to promote their growth. 2. The operation of 
tanning leather with bark ; also, the operation 
of dyeing fabrics with an infusion of bark. 
barking-ax (bar'king-aks), H. An ax used in 
scraping bark from trees. 
barking-bill (bar'king-bil), n. A sharp-point- 
ed instrument used to make transverse cuts 
through the bark of trees, preparatory to the 
process of stripping them. 
barking-bird (bar'king-berd), n. [< barking. 
ppr. of bark 1 , + bird 1 .'] The name of a rock- 
wren, Pteroptocliiis or Hylactes tarni, of the 
island of Chiloe : also said to be applied to an- 
other and smaller species, P. rubecula. The name 
is due, in either case, to the similarity of the cry of the 
birds to the yelping of a puppy. Dartrin. Also called 
ytiid-ffitid. 
barking-iron 1 (bar'king-i'ern), n. [< barking, 
ppr. of bark 1 , r., + iron.] A pistol. JUarn/at. 
[Slang.] 
barking-iron 2 (bar'king-i''ern), n. [< barking 2 
+ iron."] An instrument for removing the bark 
of oak and other trees, for use in tanning. 
barking-mallet (bar'king-maFet), n. A ham- 
mer with a wedge-shaped edge, used in bark- 
ing trees. 
barklak (bar'klak), n. A myrtaceous tree of 
Venezuela. 
barkless (bark'les), a. [< bark 2 + -lesx.~\ Des- 
titute of bark. 
bark-louse (bark'lous), n. A minute insect of 
the genus Aphis that infests trees ; an aphid. 
bark-mill (bark'mil), n. A mill for grinding 
bark for tanners' and dyers' uses, or for medi- 
cinal purposes. 
