ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a.,adj adjective. 
abbr. abbreviation. 
abL ablative. 
ace. accusative. 
accom. accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
adv adverb. 
AF Anglo-French. 
agri agriculture. 
AL Anglo-Latin. 
alg algebra. 
A ii i T American. 
anat anatomy. 
anc ancient. 
antiq antiquity. 
aor aorist. 
appar. apparently. 
Ar. Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
archrcol archaology. 
arith arithmetic. 
art. article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
astrol astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug. augmentative. 
Bav Bavarian. 
Beng Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
hot botany. 
Braz. Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
caus. cauaatlve. 
ceram ceramics. 
cf. L. confer, compare. 
ch church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin. Chinese. 
rli] .11 chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
mm] i composition, com- 
pound. 
compar. comparative. 
conch conchology. 
conj conjunction. 
contr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
cranlol cranlology. 
craniom craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
ill f definite, definition. 
derlv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
diff different. 
dim diminutive. 
distrlb. distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
E East. 
E English (usually mean- 
ing modern English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g L. exempli gratia, for 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. Ind. East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
embryol embryology. 
Eng English. 
engin engineering. 
entom entomology. 
Epis Episcopal. 
equiv equivalent. 
esp especially. 
Etli Ethlopic. 
ethnog ethnography. 
etbnol ethnology. 
etyin etymology. 
Eur. European. 
exclam exclamation. 
f., lein feminine. 
F. French (usually mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem Flemish. 
fort fortification. 
freq frequentative. 
Fries Friesic. 
tut. future. 
Q <jcrm2Li\(uguallttmean- 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geog geography. 
geol geology. 
geom geometry. 
Goth Gothic (Mojsogothlc). 
Gr. Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her. heraldry. 
herpet herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani 
hist history. 
horol horology. 
. hort. horticulture. 
Hung Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic 
meaning Old 1 <- 
\&n<Uc,otherwiie call- 
ed Old Norse). 
ichth Ichthyology. 
i. e L. id et, that is. 
impers Impersonal. 
Impf Imperfect. 
impv imperative. 
Improp improperly. 
Ind Indian. 
Ind. indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
indef. indefinite. 
Inf. infinitive. 
instr instrumental. 
interj interjection. 
intr.. Intrans intransitive. 
Ir. Irish. 
irreg irregular, irregularly. 
It. Italian. 
Jap Japanese. 
L. Latin (utuaUy mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
licheiiol lichenology. 
lit. literal, literally. 
lit literature. 
I .it 1 1 Lithuanian. 
lithog lithography. 
lithol lithology. 
LL. Late Latin. 
in., ii in ; masculine. 
M Middle. 
mach machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
MD Middle Dutch. 
ME Middle English (other- 
wise called, Old Eng- 
lish). 
mi i'li mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med medicine. 
mensur. mensuration. 
metal metallurgy. 
metai>h metaphysics. 
meteor. meteorology. 
Ilex Mexican. 
MGr Middle Greek, medle- 
val Greek. 
Mil'. Middle High German. 
mllit military. 
mineral. mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG Middle Low German. 
mod modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth mythology. 
n noun. 
M., neut neuter. 
N New. 
N North. 
N. Amer. North America, 
nat natural. 
naut nautical. 
nav. navigation. 
NGr New Greek, modern 
Greek. 
NHG New High German 
(usually simply (i., 
German). 
NL. New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north northern. 
Norw Norwegian. 
1 1 inn i- numismatics. 
O. Old. 
obs. obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other- 
wiie called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat. Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan. Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontol. odontology. 
OF. Old French. 
OFlem Old Flemish. 
OQaeL Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig original, originally. 
or n i tli. ornithology. 
OS Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteoL osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTeut Old Teutonic. 
p. a. participial adjective. 
paleon paleontology. 
part. participle. 
pass. passive. 
pathoL pathology. 
pert. perfect. 
Pers Persian. 
pers person. 
persp perspective. 
Peruv Peruvian. 
petrog petrography. 
Pg Portuguese. 
phar. pharmacy. 
Phen Phentcian. 
phllol philology. 
philos philosophy. 
phonog phonography. 
pholog photography. 
phreu phrenology. 
phys physical. 
phyniol physiology. 
pi, plur plural 
poet poetical 
polit political 
Pol Polish. 
puss possessive. 
pp. past participle. 
ppr present participle. 
Pr. Provencal (usually 
meaning Old Pro- 
ven?al). 
pref prefix. 
prep preposition. 
pres. present. 
pret preterit. 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop. ., properly. 
proa. prosody. 
Prot Protestant. 
prov provincial. 
psychol psychology. 
q. v L. yuod (or pi. qua) 
mae, which sec. 
reft. reflexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Bom Roman. 
Bom Romanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Buss Russian. 
8. South. 
s. Amer South American. 
1C L. tcilicet, understand, 
Sc. ScS/' 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp sculpture. 
Serv Servian. 
sing singular. 
Skt Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp. Spanish. 
tubj subjunctive. 
superl superlative. 
surg surgery. 
surv surveying. 
8w Swedish. 
sy n synonymy. 
Syr. Syriac. 
techno! technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teratol. teratology. 
term termination. 
Teut Teutonic. 
theat theatrical 
theol theology. 
therap therapeutics. 
toxicol toxicology. 
tr. , trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk. Turkish. 
typog typography. 
ult. ultimate, ultimately. 
v verb. 
var variant. 
vet. veterinary. 
v. L intransitive verb. 
v. t. transitive verb. 
W Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach Wallachian. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
roogeog zoogeography. 
cool zoology. 
toot zootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as In fat, man, pang, 
a as in fate, mane, dale, 
a as in far, father, guard, 
a as in fall, talk, naught 
a as in ask, fast, ant 
& as In fare, hair, bear, 
e as in met, pen, bless, 
e as in mete, meet, meat 
e as in her, fern, heard. 
1 as in pin, it, biscuit 
i as in pine, fight, file, 
o as in not, on, frog. 
6 as in note, poke, floor, 
o as in move, spoon, room, 
o as in nor, song, off. 
u as in tub, son, blood, 
u as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty: see Preface, pp. 
u as in'pull, book, could. 
u German U, French u. 
oi as in oil, joint, boy. 
ou as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. ii. 
Thus: 
1 as In prelate, courage, captain. 
V as in ablegate, episcopal. 
9 as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat. 
M as in singular, education. 
A double dot nnder a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, its sound is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
a as in errant, republican, 
g as in prudent, difference. 
J as in charity, density, 
o as in valor, actor, idiot 
a as in Persia, peninsula, 
e as in the book. 
Q as in nature, feature. 
A mark (-) under the consonants t. d, 
t, z Indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j, ah, zh. Thus : 
t as In nature, adventure. 
4 as in arduous, education. 
s as in leisure. 
z as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TII as in then. 
ch as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (In French words) French liquid (mou- 
i I Ir > 1. 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent 
(A secondary accent is not marked if at its 
regular interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
<read/rom; i. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; i. e., from which is derived. 
+ read and; i. e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate with; L e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
V read root. 
* read theoretical or alleged ; L e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
t read obsolete. 
