aggrandizement 
Survival of the fltttst will determine whether such spe- 
cially favourable conditions result in the aggra/naUitmtnt 
of the individual or in the multiplication of the race. 
//. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., 359. 
= Syn. Augmentation, advancement, elevation ; prefer- 
ment, promotion, exaltation. 
aggrandizer (ag'ran-di-zer), . One who ag- 
grandizes or exalts in power, rank, or honor. 
Also spelled aggrandisrr. 
aggrappet, Obsolete form of agraffe. 
aggratet (a-graf), r. t. [< It. aggratare, also ag- 
gradare and aggradirc, < ML. *aygratare (cf. 
aggratiare, under aggrace), please, < L. ad, to, 
+ grains, pleasing, > It. g-rato, pleasing, grado, 
pleasure.] 1. To please. 
Each one sought his lady to aggrate. 
Spenser, F. Q., II. ix. 34. 
2. To thank or express gratitude to. 
The Island King . . . 
A'lgrate* the Knights, who thus his right defended. 
P. Fletcher, Purple Island, ii. 9. (N. E. D.) 
aggravablet (ag'ra-va-bl), a. [< L. aggrava-re 
(see aggravate) + E. -ble.] Tending to aggra- 
vate ; aggravating. 
This idolatry is the more discernible and aggravable in 
the invocation of saints and idols. 
Dr. H. Store, Antidote against Idolatry, ii. 
aggravate (ag'ra-vat), r. t. ; pret. and pp. ag- 
gravated, ppr. aggravating. [< L. aggravatus, 
pp. of aggravare, adgravare, add to the weight 
of, make worse, oppress, annoy, < ad, to, + gra- 
vare, make heavy, < gravis, heavy: see grave 3 . 
Cf. aggrieve and aggredge.'] If. Literally, to 
add weight to or upon ; increase the amount, 
quantity, or force of; make heavier by added 
quantity or burden. 
Then, soul, live thou upon thy servant's loss, 
And let that pine to aggravate thy store. 
Shak., Sonnets, cxlvi. 
In order to lighten the crown still further, they aggra- 
vated responsibility on ministers of state. 
Burke, Rev. in France, p. 39. (If. E. D.) 
2. To make more grave or heavy ; increase the 
weight or pressure of; intensify, as anything 
evil, disorderly, or troublesome: as, to aggra- 
vate guilt or crime, the evils or annoyances of 
life, etc. 
Maim'd in the strife, the falling man sustains 
Th' insulting shout, that aggravates his pains. 
Crabbe, Tales of the Hall. 
The [French] government found its necessities aggra- 
vated by that of procuring immense quantities of firewood. 
Jefferson, Autobiog., p. 72. 
In every department of nature there occur instances of 
the instability of specific form, which the increase of ma- 
terials aggravates rather than diminishes. 
A. R. Wallace, Nat. Selec., p. 165. 
3. To exaggerate ; give coloring to in descrip- 
tion; give an exaggerated representation of: 
as, to aggravate circumstances. [Rare.] 
He [Colonel Nath. Bacon] dispatched a messenger to 
the governor, by whom he aggravated the mischiefs done 
by the Indians, and desired a commission of general to 
go out against them. Beverley, Virginia, i. II 97. 
4. To provoke ; irritate ; tease. [Colloq.] 
I was so aggravated that I almost doubt if I did know. 
Dickens. 
=Syn. 2 and 3. To heighten, raise, increase, magnify ; 
overstate. See list under exaggerate. 
aggravating (ag'ra-va-ting), p. a. 1. Making 
worse or more heinous : as, aggravating circum- 
stances. 2. Provoking; annoying; exasperat- 
ing: as, he is an' aggravating fellow. [Colloq.] 
Which makes it only the more aggravating. Thackeray. 
aggravatingly (ag'ra-va-ting-li), adv. In an 
aggravating manner. 
aggravation (ag-ra-va'shou), . [=F. aggra- 
vation, < ML. aggracatio(n-), <L. aggravare: see 
aggravate,] 1. Increase of the weight, inten- 
sity, heinousness, or severity of anything ; the 
act of making worse ; addition, or that which is 
added, to anything evil or improper: as, an 
aggravation of pain, grief, crime, etc. 2. Ex- 
aggeration, as in a pictorial representation or 
in a statement of facts; heightened descrip- 
tion. [Rare.] 
Accordingly they got a painter by the knight's directions 
to add a pair of whiskers to the face, and by a little aggra- 
vation of the features to change it into the Saracen's Head. 
Addtion, 
3. Provocation; irritation. [Colloq.] 4. In 
Rom. canon law, a censure, threatening excom- 
munication after disregard of three admoni- 
tions. Chamb. Ci/c. (1751). 
aggrayative (ag''ra-va-tiv), . and . I. a. 
Tending to aggravate. 
II. n. That which aggravates or tends to ag- 
gravate or make worse. 
aggravator (ag'ra-va-tor), H. One who or that 
which aggravates. 
aggredget, ('. ' [< ME. agredgcn, ai/</re</<ii, IKJ- 
reggen, ngregen, < OF. agreger, agregier = Pr. 
Ill 
agreujar, < ML. *aggreriarc for *aggrariare, 
equiv. to L. aggrarare, to add to the weight of, 
make worse, oppress, annoy, aggravate : see 
iii/i/ravatc and aggrieve, and cf. abridge, abbre- 
I'iii/i; allege^, ullrriate.] To make heavy; ag- 
gravate; exaggerate. 
aggregant (ag're-gant), n. [< L. a.ggregan( t-)s, 
ppr. of aggregate : see aggregate, r.] One of the 
particulars which go to make up an aggregate ; 
specifically, one of a number of logical terms 
which are added together to make a logical sum. 
Aggregata (ag-re-ga'ta), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. 
of L. aggrega tux : see aggregate, v.~\ In Cuvier's 
system of classification, the second family of 
his Acephala nuda, or shell-less acephals; the 
compound or social ascidians: opposed to Se- 
gregata. 
aggregate (ag're-gat), v. ; pret. and pp. aggre- 
gated, ppr. aggregating. [< L. aggregatus, pp. 
of aggregare, adgregare, lead to a flock, add to, 
< ad, to, + gregare, collect into a flock, < grex 
(greg-), a flock: see gregarious. Cf. congregate, 
segregate.'} I. trans. 1. To bring together; col- 
lect into a sum, mass, or body: as, "the aggre- 
gated soil," Milton, P. L., x. 293. 
The protoplasmic fluid within a cell does not become 
aggregated unless it be in a living state, and only imper- 
fectly if the cell has been injured. 
Darwin, Insectiv. Plants, p. 62. 
Ideas which were only feebly connected become aggre- 
gated into a close and compact whole. 
IT. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 93. 
2. To amount to (the number of); make (the 
sum or total of) : an elliptical use. 
The guns captured . . . will aggregate in all probability 
five or six hundred. Morning Star, April 17, 1865. (N.E.D.) 
3. To add or unite to as a constituent member ; 
make a part of the aggregate of : as, to aggre- 
gate a person to a company or society. [Rare.] 
II. intrans. To come together into a sum or 
mass ; combine and form a collection or mass. 
The taste of honey aggregates with sweet tastes in gen- 
eral, of which it is one not with such tastes as those 
of (juinine, or of castor oil. 
//. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., 114. 
aggregate (ag're-gat), a. and n. [< L. aggrega- 
tus, pp. : see the verb.] I. a. Formed by the 
conjunction or collection of particulars into a 
whole mass or sum ; total ; combined : as, the 
aggregate amount of indebtedness. 
Societies formed by conquest may be ... composed of 
two societies, which are in a large measure . . . alien ; 
and in them there cannot arise a political force from the 
aggregate will. //. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., 469. 
Specifically (re) In geol., composed of several different 
mineral constituents capable of being separated by me- 
chanical means : as, granite is an aggregate rock. (6) In 
anat., clustered: as, aggregate glands (Peyer's glands), (c) 
In bot., forming a dense cluster, (d) In zoijl., compound ; 
associated, (e) In law, composed of many individuals united 
into one association. Aggregate animals, animals in 
which many individual organisms are united in a common 
" household " or cecium, as various polyps, acalephs, etc. 
See cuts under anthuzooid and Coralligena. Aggregate 
Combination, in i/iech,, a combination which causes com- 
pound motions in secondary pieces. The effects of ag- 
gregate combinations are classified as aggregate path* 
and aggregate velocities (which see, below). Aggregate 
flower, one formed of several florets closely gathered upon 
a common receptacle, but not coherent, as in Compoxitce. 
Aggregate fruit, a fruit formed when a clusterof distinct 
carpels belonging to a single flower are crowded upon the 
common receptacle, becoming baccate or drupaceous, and 
sometimes more or less coherent, as in the blackberry and 
the fruit of the magnolia. Also sometimes used as synony- 
mous with multiple or compound fruit (which see, under 
fruit). See cut under liubus. Aggregate glands. See 
gland. Aggregate path, in mech., that path through 
which a part of a machine is moved, which is the resultant 
of the aggregate combination of the other parts which op- 
erate it. Thus, in so-called parallel motion, a movement 
of one part in a right line is effected by the combined and 
counteracting movements of other parts moving in circu- 
lar arcs. Aggregate velocity, the resultant velocity im- 
parted by forces moving with different or with varying 
velocities, as the velocities imparted by systems of pulleys 
through trains of gearing, or by so-called differential mo- 
tions. Corporation aggregate, in law. See corpora- 
tion. 
II. n. 1. A sum, mass, or assemblage of par- 
ticulars ; a total or gross amount ; any com- 
bined whole considered with reference to its 
constituent parts. An aggregate is essentially a sum, 
as, for example, a heap of sand, whose parts are loosely or 
accidentally associated. When the relation between the 
parts is more intimate either chemical, as in a molecule 
or a crystal, or organic, as in a living body, or for the reali- 
zation of a design, as in a house the sum ceases to be a 
mere aggregate and becomes & compound, a combination, 
an orgmltm, etc. Hut in a general way anything con- 
sistiuLjof distinguishable elements maybe called an ag- 
gregate of those elements : as, man is an aggregate of 
strm-tnres and organs; a mineral or volcanic afj<ji'<'!itit< : 
(that is, a compound rock). 
Looking to the aiji/rrgnlf of all the interests of the com- 
monwcalth. I). Wrlmti-i: Speech. Huston, June !i, 1828. 
Aji'ii-fimlfx of brilliant passages rather than harmonious 
"bole's. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 414. 
aggression 
The difference between an aggregate and a product is 
that in the first case the component parts are simply 
grouped together, added ; in the second, the constituent 
elements are blended, multiplied into each other. 
G. 11. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. ii. 93. 
2. Any hard material added to lime to make 
concrete. N. E. D. 3. Milit., the total com- 
missioned and enlisted force of any post, de- 
partment, division, corps, or other command. 
In the aggregate, taken together; considered as a 
whole ; collectively. 
Our judgment of a man's character is derived from ob- 
serving a number of successive acts, forming in the aggre- 
gate his general course of conduct. 
Sir O. C. Lewis, Authority in Matters of Opinion, ii. 
aggregated (ag're-ga-ted), p. a. Same as aggre- 
gate, a. , 
aggregately (ag're-gat-li), adv. Collectively; 
tasen together or in the aggregate. 
Many little things, though separately they seem too in- 
significant to mention, yet aggregately are too material 
for me to omit. Chesterfield, Letters, II. 347. 
aggregation (ag-re-ga'shon), n. [< ML. aggre- 
gatio(n-), < L. aggregare: see aggregate, v.] 1. 
The act of collecting or the state of being col- 
lected into an unorganized whole. 
By "material aggregation" being meant the way in 
which, by nature or by art, the molecules of matter are 
arranged together. Tyndall. 
Wanting any great and acknowledged centre of national 
life and thought, our expansion has hitherto been rather 
aggregation than growth. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 83. 
2. In logic, the union of species to form a ge- 
nus, or of terms to form a term true of any- 
thing of which any of its parts are true, and 
only false when all its parts are false. 3. The 
adding of any one to an association as a mem- 
ber thereof ; affiliation. [Rare.] 
The second [book] recounts his aggregation to the soci- 
ety of free-masons. Monthly Rev., XX. 537. (N. E. D.) 
4. A combined whole ; an aggregate. 
In the United States of America a century hence we 
shall therefore doubtless have a political aggregation im- 
measurably surpassing in power and in dimensions any 
empire that has as yet existed. 
J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 139. 
Creatures of inferior type are little more than aggrega- 
tions of numerous like parts. 
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 493. 
5. In l>ot., applied by Darwin specifically to 
the peculiar change induced in the cells of the 
tentacles of Drosera by mechanical or chemi- 
cal stimulation Theorem of aggregation, in the 
theory of invariants, a theorem concerning the number of 
linearly independent invariants of a given type. 
aggregative (ag're-ga-tiv), a. [< aggregate + 
-ive; =F. a.gregatif.'} 1. Pertaining to aggre- 
gation ; taken together ; collective. 
Other things equal, the largest mass will, because of its 
superior aggregative force, become hotter than the others, 
and radiate more intensely. 
H. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 293. 
2. Tending to aggregate; gregarious; social. 
[Rare.] 
His [Mirabeau's] sociality, his aggregative nature . . . 
will now be the quality of qualities for him. 
Carlyle, French Rev., I. iv. 4. 
aggregator (ag're ga-tor), n. One who collects 
into a whole or mass. Burton. 
aggress (a-gres'), v. [< L. aggressus, pp. of ag- 
gredi, adgredi, attack, assail, approach, go to, 
< ad, to, + gradi, walk, go. > gradus, step : see 
grade.'] I. intrans. 1. To make an attack; 
commit the first act of hostility or offense; 
begin a quarrel or controversy; hence, to act 
on the offensive. 
The moral law says Do not aggress ! 
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 298. 
2. To encroach ; intrude ; be or "become intru- 
sive. 
The plebeian Italian, inspired by the national vanity, 
bears himself as proudly as the noble, without at all ag- 
gressing in his manner. Howelli, Venetian Life, xxi. 
While the individualities of citizens are less aggressed 
upon by public agency, they are more protected by public 
agency against aggression. 
H. Spencer, Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 12. 
II. trans. To attack. Quarterly Bet: [Rare.] 
aggresst (a-gres'), ii. [< OF. aggresse, < L. ag- 
gressus, adgressus, an attack, < aggredi, adgredi : 
see aggress, v.~\ Aggression ; attack. 
M ilitary aggresses upon others. 
Sir M. Hale, Pleas of the Crown, xv. 
aggression (a-gresh'on), n. [< F. aggression, 
attack, now agression, L. aggressio(n-), < 
aggredi, adgredi: see aggress, r.} 1. The act 
of proceeding to hostilities or invasion; a 
breach of the peace or right of another or 
others; an assault, inroad, or encroachment; 
