ajutage 
of a vessel or into the end of a pipe, so shaped 
as to offer the least frictional resistance to the 
outflow of a liquid. The cross-section of an iijulai;, is 
generally circular; longitudinally, the most advantageous 
section approaches that of two frustums of cones with their 
smaller liases in contact. The we ml is also used for the 
spoilt or no/le of a funnel or of a fountain. Sometimes 
sprlk'il (KljutU'i,'. 
akamatsu (a-ka-mats'), n. [< Jap. aka, red, + 
uiiitnu, pine.] Japanese red pine; the /'iinix 
densiflora. 
akazga (a-kaz'ga), . [Native name.] A kind 
of poison used as an ordeal in Africa. Also 
called boudoti (see voudou) and awn. 
akazgia (a-kaz'ji-a), .. [NL., < akazga.~\ An 
alkaloid obtained from akazga, resembling 
strychnine in its physiological action. 
akbeer (ak'ber), n. [Hind.] A red powder 
thrown on the clothes and person at Hindu fes- 
tivals. 
ake, . and v. See ache 1 . 
Akebia (a-ke'bi-a), . [NL., < Jap. nfcc&i.] A 
genus of woody climbing plants, natural order 
Jierberidacece, of China and Japan. A. i/ninata has 
been introduced into cultivation, and is a handsome, hardy 
vine, with dark-green digitate leaves and small purplish 
flowers. 
akee (a-ke'), n. The Cupania (Rlighia) sapida, 
natural order Sapindacece, a native of Guinea, 
whence it was car- 
ried by Captain 
Bligh to Jamaica in 
1793, and thence dis- 
seminated over the 
West Indies and 
South America. It 
is a small tree, with ash- 
like leaves and a fleshy 
fruit containing several large jet-black seeds partly em- 
bedded in a whit* spongy aril. This aril when cooked 
becomes somewhat like custard, and is highly es- 
teemed. 
akehornt, n. A corrupt spelling of acorn. 
akelet, v. t. [< ME. aJceleu (also achelen), < AS. 
dcelan, < a- + celan, > E. keel 3 , make cool: see 
keeft and acoW.] To make cold; cool. Court 
of Love. 
akembo, akembow (a-kem'bo), prep. phr. as 
adv. See ul~imbo. 
akene, akenium, . Same as achenium, 1. 
akerif (a'ker), . The old and regular spelling 
of acre. 
aker 2 t, . Older form of acker 2 . 
Akera (ak'e-ra), . Same as Accra, 1. 
akernt, 1?ne historically correct but long 
obsolete spelling of acorn. 
akerspiret, v. and . An old spelling of aero- 
spire. 
aker-stafft, n. See acre-staff. 
akey (ak'a), n. [Native term.] The monetary 
standard of the Gold Coast of Africa, equal to 
20 grains of gold-dust, or about 80 cents. 
akimbo, akimbo w (a-kim'bo), prep. phr. as 
adv. or a. [Recently also written akembo, 
akembow, earlier a-kimbo, a-kembo, a kimbow, a 
kembo, on kimbo, on kimbow, and by apheresis 
kimbo, kimbow, kembo (used attrib. as an adj. 
and also as a verb : see kimbo, kimbow), also 
with perverted termination, a-kimbolt, a-kcm- 
boll, on kemboll, a kenbold, a kcnbol, early mod. 
E. a kenbow, on kenbow, < ME. (once) in kenc- 
bowe, i. e., ' in keen bow,' in a sharp bend, at 
an acute angle, presenting a sharp elbow : in 
or on, E. a 3 ; kcne, E. keen*, sharp-pointed, 
sharp-edged (in common use in ME. as ap- 
plied to the point of a spear, pike, dagger, goad, 
thorn, hook, anchor, etc., or the edge of a knife, 
sword, ax, etc.); bowe, E. ftoic 2 , a bend: see 
a 3 , keen 1 , bow"*, and cf. elbow ; for the phonetic 
changes, cf . alembic, limbeck, and keelson, kelson, 
kilson. In its earliest use, and often later, the 
term connotes a bold or defiant attitude, in- 
volving, perhaps, an allusion to keen in its other 
common ME. sense of 'bold.' Previous ex- 
planations, all certainly erroneous, have been : 
(1) It. aschembo, asghembo, or rather a schembo, 
a sghembo, across, awry, obliquely (Skinner, 
Wedgwood) ; (2) < a cambok, in the manner of 
a crooked stick (ME. cambok, Sc. cammock, a 
crooked stick, a shinny-club : see cammock^) ; 
(3) a cam bow, in a crooked bow : a phrase in- 
vented for the purpose, like the once-occurring 
a-gambo for akembo, simulating cam 2 , gamb; (4) 
Icel. kengboginn, crooked, < kengr, a crook, sta- 
ple, bend, bight, + boginn, bent, pp. of bjuga = 
AS. bugan, E. bow 1 : see kink and bow 1 .'] Lit- 
erally, in a sharp bend ; at an acute angle ; 
adjectively, bent; crooked: said of the arms 
when the hands are on the hips and the elbows 
are bent outward at an acute angle. 
126 
Tile hoost . . . set his hond in krni'htnrr. . . . 
\Voulst thow, said he to Beryn, for to skorne me? 
Tale of llcryn (ed. Furnivall), 1837. 
A liook through which folly and ignorance, those breth- 
ivri s. hum- ami impotent, do ridiculously look very big 
and very dull, strut and hobble, cheek by jowl, with their 
arms mi tciinlxi, being led and supported, and bully-backed 
by that blind Hector, Irnpmk-nrr. 
Ih'nitix, Pope's Ess. on Criticism, p. 30. 
That struts in this fashion with his Arms a kimbti, like 
a C'ity Magistrate. Dryden, Amphitryon, ii. 
She would clap her arms a kimbo. 
Steele, Spectator, No. 187. 
akin (a-kin'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< a* + 
l;in ' ; earlier of kin, which is still in use : see 
kin 1 , n. Sometimes abbr. kin: see kin 1 , a.] 
Of kin. Specifically (a) Related by blood; hence, in- 
timately allied, as by affinity, union, or structure : as, the 
two families are near akin ; the buffalo is akin to the 01. 
A.'.m to thine is this declining frame, 
Ami this poor beggar claims an Uncle's name. 
Crabbe, Parish Register. 
Wert thou akin to me in some new name 
Dearer than sister, mother, or all blood, 
I would not hear thee speak. 
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Malta, i. 3. 
(b) Allied by nature ; partaking of the same properties : 
as, envy and jealousy arc near akin ; "pity's akin to love," 
Southern, Oroonoko, ii. 1. 
Near akin as the judicial and military actions originally 
are, they are naturally at first discharged by the same 
agency. //. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., 528. 
= Syn. Kin, kindred, cognate, analogous. 
akinesia (ak-i-ne'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr. aiavt/ala, 
quiescence, motionlessness, < a- priv. + Kivt/atf, 
motion, < KIVCIV, move.] Paralysis of the motor 
nerves ; loss of the power of voluntary motion. 
Also written acinesia, akinesis. 
akinesic (ak-i-ne'sik), a. Pertaining to, of the 
nature of, or characterized by akinesia. 
akinesis (ak-i-ne'sis), n. Same as akinesia. 
Akkad, n. See Accad. 
Akkadian, a. and n. See Accadian. 
akmite, . See acmite. 
aknee (a-ne'), prep. phr. as adv. [< ME. a kne, 
a cne, on kne, on cneowe, < AS. on cneow : on, E. 
a 3 ; cnedw, E. knee."] On the knee or knees. 
[Bare.] 
Aknee they fell before the Prince. 
Southey, Madoc. 
aknowt, aknowledget. Older forms of acknow, 
acknowledge. 
ako (ak'6), w. [Hung. ako.] A liquid measure 
used in Hungary, equal to about IfH gallons. 
akornt, n. ATI old spelling of acorn. 
al 1 (ill), n. [< Hind, dl, a plant (see def.).] A 
plant of the genus Morinda, allied to the madder. 
ar 2 t, a., adv., and n. An old form of all. 
Al. In chcm., the symbol for aluminium. 
al- 1 . An assimilated form of Latin ad- before I 
(see ad-) ; also an erroneous form of a- 1 , from 
Anglo-Saxon a-. See ad-. 
al- 2 . [Ar. al, in mod. AT. commonly el; before 
a sibilant or a liquid, the I is assimilated (as-, 
az-, ar-, am-, an-, etc.), with the elision of the 
vowel if another vowel precedes.] A prefix in 
some words of Arabic origin, being the Arabic 
definite article " the "; as in alcaid, alchemy, al- 
cohol, alcove, Aldebaran, algebra, alguazil, alkali, 
Alkoran, etc.; and, variously disguised, in apri- 
cot, artichoke, assagai, azimuth, hazard, lute, etc. ; 
also el, as in elixir. 
-al. [< F. -al, -el = Sp. Pg. -al = It. -ale, < L. 
-alis, ace. -alem, an adj. suffix, ' of the kind of,' 
'pertaining to,' varying with -art's, orig. the 
same as -alis, and used for it when I precedes, 
as in al-aris, E. al-nr : see -ar'*. In OF. this suf- 
fix was reg. -el, > ME. -el, but afterward -al 
prevailed: cf. mortal, annual, gradual, n., etc. 
As a noun suffix, -al is due to the adj. suffix, L. 
-alis, neut. -ale, in nouns also -al (as animal, 
animal). In espousal, and some other words, 
-al is ult. due to L. -dl-ia, neut. plur. ; hence 
the plur. E. form, espousals. In bridal and 
burial -al is of different origin. Cf. -el and -i/.] 
A very common suffix, of Latin origin, it forms 
from nouns in Latin, and thence in English (o) Adjec- 
tives, as in oral [< L. or-dlis, < on (or-), mouth], manual K k 
manu-dlis, < manu-8, hand], etc. : in this use equivalent to 
ar, of the same ultimate origin, as in alar, polar, both 
forms occurring with a differentiation of meaning in lin- 
eal, linear (which see), (b) Secondary from primary adjec- 
tives, as in equal K L. tequ-alis, < cptiu-us, equal], whence in 
English -al is now applied to Latin adjectives ending in 
-e-us, -i-ux, -W-MJ*, -rn-us, -i-s, -ic-us, etc., to give them a dis- 
tinctive English form, as in aerial, senatorial, perpetual, 
eternal, celestial, medical, etc., and similarly to Greek ad- 
jectives in -IK-OS, -OK -os, -oei6-jjs (English -ic, -ac, -oid), etc., 
as in musical, heliacal, rhomboidal, etc.; hence in some 
cases a differentiation of meaning, as in comic and comical, 
historic and historical, etc. (c) Nouns from such adjec- 
tives, as in animal, rival, etc. (d) Nouns from verbs in 
English after the analogy of espousal, as in denial, pro- 
posal, refusal, etc., and even from native English verbs, as 
in bestowal, betrothal, withdrawal, etc. 
alabaster 
a la (a la). [F. : a, < L. ad, to; la, fern, of def. 
art. It, < L. tile, fern. ilia.] To the; in the; 
hence, according to ; in the (fashion of) ; after 
the (manner of ): as, Infranciiixr, uftcrthcman- 
ner of the French; a In mode, in the fashion. 
ala (ii'la), . ; pi. ala (a'le). [L., a wing: see 
aisle and axil.} 1. In hot. : (a) One of the two 
side petals of a papilionaceous blossom, or the 
membranous expansion of an organ, as of a 
fruit, seed, stem, etc. See cut under banner, 
(b) In mosses, one of the basal lobes or auricles 
of the leaves, (c) An axilla or axil. [Rare 
in this sense.] 2. In anat., zolil., etc.: (a) A 
wing. (6) Any part of a wing-like or flap-like 
character: as, ala auris, the upper and outer 
part of the external ear. (c)The armpit. 3. 
pi. Specifically, in Cirripedia, the lateral parts 
of the shell, as distinguished from the parietes, 
when they are overlapped by others; when 
they overlap they are termed radii. 4. In anc. 
Bom. arch., a wing or a small apartment placed 
on each side of the atrium of a Roman house. 
Audsley. Ala. cinerea (ash-gray wing), a triangular 
area on each side of the hinder part of the floor of the 
fourth ventricle of the brain, darker than the rest and 
containing nuclei of the vagus and glossopharyngeua 
nerves. Alse cordis (wings of the heart), in entom., the 
series of attachments of the dorsal vessel or heart of an 
insect to the walls of the body or other support. 
In Insecta it (the dorsal vessel] is attached to the wall 
of the body, and sometimes even to the tracheie (in the 
larvee of the Muscida;), by the alee cordis. 
Qeyenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 283. 
Alae nasi (wings of the nose), the parts forming the 
outer or lateral boundaries of the nostrils. Alse of the 
diaphragm, in anat., its lateral leaflets. AlSB vomeris 
(wings of the vomer), the lateral projections of the supe- 
rior liorder of the vomer. Ala notha (false wing), in 
ornith., the parapterum ; the scapular, axillary, and tertial 
feathers of a bird's wing, collectively considered. Ala 
sphenoidalis, wing of the sphenoid bone, especially the 
greater wing. See cut under aphenoid. Ala spuria, in 
ornith. See alula. Ala vespertilionis (bat's wing), a 
term applied to the broad ligament of the human uterus 
and associated parts, from some fancied resemblance to a 
bat's wing. 
Alabamian (al-a-ba'mi-an), a. and n. I. a. 
Pertaining to Alabama, one of the southern 
United States. 
II. n. A native or an inhabitant of the State 
of Alabama. 
alabandine (al-a-ban'din), . [<L. Alabandina 
(sc. gemma), a precious stone, fern, of Alaban- 
dinus, pertaining to Alabanda, a city in Caria, 
Asia Minor, now Arab-Hissar.] Manganese 
glance or blende, a sulphid of manganese. Also 
called alabanditc. 
alabarch (al'a-bark), n. [< L. alabarches, more 
correctly aradarchcs, < Gr. 'A^afiapxyc, more cor- 
rectly 'Apafiapxyr,, the prefect of the Arabian 
nome in Egypt, in Josephus appar. as in def., 
<.*Apai(>, pi. "Apapef, Arab, + ap^ctv, rule, govern.] 
The title of the governor or chief magistrate of 
the Jews in Alexandria under the Ptolemies 
and Roman emperors. Also written arabarch. 
Philo, the principal of the Jewish embassage, . . . 
brother to Alexander the alabarch. 
Whiiton, tr. of Josephus, Antiq., xviii. 8. 
alabaster (al'a-bas-t6r), w. and a. [Early mod. 
E. usually alablaster, allablaster,<.ME. alabastre, 
alabaster, alabaustre, alabast (= OD. alabast, 
abast, D. albast = Dan. alabast = Sw. albaster, 
now alabaster), < OF. alabastre, F. albdtrc = Sp. 
Pg. It. alabantro = MHG. G. alabaster, < ML. ala- 
bastrum, alabaustrum, alabaster (the mineral), 
< L. alabaster, m., alabastrum, neut., a box or 
casket for perfumes, unguents, etc., tapering 
to a point at the top, hence also the form of a 
rose-bud, = Goth, alabalstraun, < Gr. dAd/faffrpof, 
m., o/la/faorpov, neut., earlier and more correctly 
oAa/Jaorof, a box, casket, or vase of alabaster 
(later also of other materials), the mineral 
itself being hence known as d/a/iatTT/rT/f or aXa- 
/iaarpiTiK, L. alabastrites (see alabantritett) ; said 
to be named from a town in Egypt where there 
were quarries of alabaster; but in fact the 
town was named from the quarries, 'A/Mftaarpuv 
*6?Uf (Ptolemy), L. Alabastron oppidum, i. e., 
'town of alabastra.' In Ar. and Pers. alabas- 
ter is called rukham."] I. n. If. A box, casket, 
or vase made of alabaster. See alabastrum. 
2. A marble-like mineral of which there are 
two well-known varieties, the gypseous and the 
calcareous. The former is a crystalline granular variety 
of sulphate of calcium or gypsum, CaS04.2HoO. It is of 
various colors, as yellow, red, and pray, but is most es- 
teemed when pure white. Being soft, it can be formed by 
the lathe or knife into small works of art, as vases, statu- 
ettes, etc. For this purpose the snow-white, fine-grained 
variety found near Florence in Italy is especially prized. 
Calcareous or Oriental alabaster (the alabastrites of the 
ancients) is a variety of carbonate of calcium or calcite, 
occurring as a stalactite or stalagmite in caverns of lime- 
stone rocks. 
