alfiona 
alfiona, alfione (al-fi-o'nii, al'fi-6n), n. [Mex. 
Sp.] An embiotoooid fisn, Ithacochilus toxotes, 
with small scales, uniserial and jaw teeth, and 
138 
bromine are products of various species. Seaweeds are also 
valuable as fertilizers. 
algal (al'gal), a. and . [< L. alga + -al.'] I. 
n. Of or pertaining to the Algce; having the 
nature of algie. 
II. H. One of the Algce (which see). 
algaroba, . See algarroba. 
algarot, algaroth (al'ga-rot, -roth), . [< F. 
Algerlne 
Alfiona (Rhacochilus toxotes}, 
(From Report of U. S. Fish Commission, 1884.) 
lip free and deeply cut along its margin. It is 
the largest as well as the most valuable food-fish of the 
surf-fish family, Embiotocidoi, and is common along the 
Californian coast, where it is also called sprat and perch. 
al fresco (iil fres'ko). [It., lit. in the cool 
air: al for a U (< L.'a/J ilium), in the; fresco, 
cool or fresh air, < fresco, cool, fresh. < OHG. 
frisc = E. fresh: see fresh, fresco.} In the 
open air ; out of doors : as, to dine al fresco. 
Much of the gayety and brightness of al-freseo life. 
The Century, XXVII. 190. 
Such alfresco suppers the country -gentlemen of Italy at* 
in the first century of our era ! D. G. Mitchell, Wet Days. 
Alfur (al-for'), n. [< D. Alfoer, Pg. Alfuros, pi., 
said to be < AT. al, the, + Pg. fora (= It. fora, 
fuora, fuori), outside (see foris-); the other 
forms. Arafuras, Haraforas, are, then, varia- 
tions.] Same as Alfurese, n. sing. 
Alfurese (al-fo-res' or -rez'), n. and a. [See At- 
fur.~} I. n. 1. sing, or pi. A member, or the 
members collectively, of the race of Alfuros or 
Alfurs (also called Arafuras, Haraforas, etc.), 
a group of wild and savage tribes inhabiting 
Celebes and other islands of the Indian archi- 
pelago, ethnologically intermediate between 
the Malays and Papuans or Negritos. 
The Alfurese are totally distinct from the brown Malay 
and black Negrito; they are wild, savage, Pagan head- 
hunters. R. N. Cust, Mod. Langs. E. Ind., p. 147. 
2. The language spoken by the Alfuros or Al- 
furs. 
II. a. Pertaining to the Alfuros or Alfurs, 
or to their language. 
Alfuro (al-fo'ro), n. Same as Alfurese, n. sing. 
alg. An abbreviation of algebra. 
alga (al'ga), . ; pi. algae (-je). [L., seaweed.] 
A cryptogam of the class of Algce. 
Algae (al'je), n. pi. [L., pi. of alga: see alga.'] 
A division of thallogenous chlorophyllous cryp- 
togams found for 
the most part in 
the sea (seaweeds) 
or in fresh water. 
They are wholly cellu- 
lar, though varying ex- 
ceedingly in form and 
size, from a single mi- 
croscopic or sometimes 
large and branching 
cell, a shapeless, jelly- 
like mass, or mere 
string of articulations, 
to forms with trunk- 
like stems and mem- 
branous lamime many 
in ML. "Indus algebra? almucgrabal<eqite" (13th 
century), and in early mod.'E. " algiebar and 
almaehabel" (Dee, XIath. Pnef., 6, A. D. 1570), 
and the second part in ML. almucabala, almaca- 
bala, algebra.] 1. Formal mathematics; the 
analysis of equations; the art of reasoning 
about relations, more especially quantitative 
,iT,,,;>t)i, from the narne'of the inventor, Alan- rela . tion s> bv , * n e aid of a compact and highly 
A an' Italian scholar of Venice (171.-6/).] 2^^,^^, "' """"^ '^ 1 - the ^ 
A violently purgative and emetic white powder, 
which falls when chlorid of antimony is dropped 
into water. It is a compound of chlorid and oxid 
of antimony. 
algarovilla (al"ga-r6-vil'a), n. See algarrobilla. 
algarroba (al-ga-ro'ba), '. [Sp., < Ar. al-khar- 
nilnili, the carob: see"aZ- 2 and carob."] 1. The 
Spanish name of the carob-tree, Ceratonia Sili- 
qua. See Ceratonia. 2. In America, a name 
given to the honey-mesquit, Prosopis juliflora, 
SSSS^ISAtsS: ss^^^s^ssss^^ssi 
ties, obtained from the La Plata, and containing multiplication table characterizing it. 
2. Any special system of notation adapted to 
are expressed by signs of equal- 
ity, addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc. ( = , +, , 
x ), or by the position of the quantities (as x</ for x x y, 
and j-> for * to the y power), and the quantities themselves 
are denoted by letters. Quantities whose values are un- 
known or are assumed t*> be variable are denoted by the 
last letters of the alphabet, as x, y, z; known or constant 
quantities by a, b, c, etc. ; and problems are solved by ex- 
pressing all the data in the form of equations, and then 
transforming these according to certain rules. The con- 
ceptions of negative and imaginary quantities (see nega- 
tive and imaginary) are employed. The term higher alge- 
bra usually means the theory of invariants. See invari- 
ant. Multiple algebra, or n-way algebra, introduces the 
tannin mixed with a deep-brown coloring mat- 
ter. Crooks, Handbook of Dyeing and Calico 
Printing, p. 509. -Algarroba Dean. 
Also spelled algaroba. 
the study of a special system of relationship : 
as, " it is an algebra upon an algebra," Sylvester. 
--- 3. A treatise on algebra. 
algarrobilla (al"ga-r6-bil'ii), n. [S. Amer. Sp., Its abbreviation is alg. 
dim. of Sp. algarroba : see above.] The astnn- Boolian algebra, a logical algebra, invented by the Eng- 
gent resinous husks and seeds of several legu- lish "'""'ematician George Boole (1815-64), for the solution 
minous trees or shrubs of South Amprica. wHo of problems in ordinary logic. It has also a connection 
ntn America, wnicli with tne theory of probabilities. Logical algebra an 
are an article of commerce for their value in algebra which considers particularly non quantitativerela- 
-qu 
tions. Nilpotent algebra, an algebra in which every ex- 
pression is nilpotent (which see). Pure algebra, an alge- 
bra in which every unit is connected with every other by 
a definite relation. 
tanning and dyeing, in Brazil and tropical America 
they are the produce chiefly of Pithecolohium panijolium 
(Ingailarthat of some authors). In Chili and on the west- 
ern coast they are obtained from Ccesalpinia (Balsanio- 
carpum) bremfolia and Prosopis juliflora. Also written algebraic (al- je-bra ' ik), a. 
algamrilla. 
algate, algates (al'gat, al'gats), adv. [< ME. 
algate, allegate, alle gate (algates occurs in Chau- 
cer), < al, all, + gate, a way: see gate 2 and gait. 
Cf. alway, always.'] 1. In every direction; 
everywhere ; always ; ; under all circumstances. 
9 r 
Algates he that hath with love to done, 
Hath ofter wo than changed ys the nione. 
Chaucer, Complaint of Mars, 1. 234. 
2. In every respect ; altogether; entirely. [Ob- 
solete and north. Eng. provincial.] 
Una now he algates must foregoe. 
Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 2. 
3f. In any way ; at all. 
Fayrer then herselfe, if ought algate 
Might fayrer be. Spenser, F. Q., III. viii. 9. 
4f. By all means ; on any terms ; at any rate. 
As yow lyst ye maken hertes digne ; 
Algates hem that ye wole sette a fyre, 
_ . [< algebra + -ic ; 
prop. *algebric = F. algebrique, < NL. "algebri- 
CMS.J 1. Pertaining to algebra. 2. Involving 
no operations except addition, subtraction, mul- 
tiplication, division, and the raising of quan- 
tities to powers whose exponents are commen- 
surable quantities : as, an algebraic equation or 
expression. 3. Relating to the system of quan- 
tity which extends indefinitely below as well as 
above zero Algebraic curve. See oirce. Algebraic 
equation, an equation in which the unknown quantities 
or variables are subjected to no other operations than those 
enumerated in definition 2, above : as, x% y% -f- axl = 6. 
Algebraic form. See form. Algebraic function, a 
function whose connection with its variable is expressed 
by an algebraic equation. Thus, x and y, as defined by the 
above equation, are algebraic functions of one another. 
Algebraic geometry, a name given to the application of 
algebra to tne solution of geometrical problems. Alge- 
braic sign, the sign + or which has to be attached to a 
real number to fix its value in algebra. Algebraic space, 
a space in which the position of a point may be uniquely 
defined by a set of values of periodic algebraic integrals, 
, 
without exceptions which form part of the space. Alge- 
braic sum, the sum of several quantities whose algebraic- 
signs have been taken into account in adding them : as, 
the algebraic gum of +4 and 2 is -f 2. 
Thei dreden shame and vices thei resigne. 
Chaucer, Troilua, iii. 24. 
And therefore would I should be algates slain ; 
For while I live his life is in suspense. . . . , , . 
Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, iv. oo. algebraical _(al-je-bra'i-kal) 
5f. Notwithstanding; nevertheless. 
A maner latin corrupt was hir speche, , . ,, 
But algates ther-by was she understonde. algebraically (al-je-bra'i-kal-i), adv. By means 
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 422. of algebra, or of algebraic processes; in an alge- 
---, . 1. Same as 
algebraic. Z. Resembling algebra; relating to 
algebra. 
Alga. 
brancnletwitha'cystocarp. >ever through roots. 
The mode of propaga- 
tion varies greatly in the different orders. In many no 
well-defined sexual differences have been discovered, and 
reproduction is carried on by means of cell-division or by 
non-sexual spores (tetraspores, zoospores). In the highest 
order there are distinct male and female organs (antheridia 
and oogonia). The term Alyae as used by UnnMU and 
early botanists included not only seaweeds, but also the 
Hepaticte, Licheiies, and Characete. By Harvey the Algce 
were divided into three groups, distinguished chiefly by 
their color, viz. : the olive-brown, Melanospermece ; thered 
or purple, Rhodospermece ; and the green, Chlorospenneff. 
This arrangement has now become nearly obsolete. Recent 
authorities have proposed several different schemes of 
classification for the thallophytes in general, in which 
structure and development, as well as supposed relation- 
ship, are taken into account, and in which the Algte are 
variously distributed. Substantial agreement is not yet 
reached, and the nomenclature for many of the groups re- 
mains in a very unsettled condition. It may, however, be 
said that the Algce are now generally divided into the fol- 
lowing orders (classes, etc., of some), viz. : Floridece, the 
most highly developed, producing cystooarps after fertili- 
zation ; Oonporece, propagating sexually by oospores ; Zoo- 
sporetf, distinguished by the conjugation of zoospores ; Con- 
jugatce, including the diatoms, desmids, etc., in which 
there is a conjugation of cells ; and a remainder, the Cryji- 
tophycece of Thuret, variously disposed of by other authors, 
in which there is no known sexual reproduction. Many of 
the Algie are edible and nutritious, as carrageen or Irish 
moss, dulse, laver, etc. Many abound in gelatin, and make 
a fine glue or substitute for isinglass. Kelp, iodine, and 
422. 
algazel (al-ga-zel' ), n. [An early form of gazel, br ic manner ; as regards'algebra. 
after 'Ai.al-ghazal: see gazel."] Anameformerly algebraist (al'je-bra-ist), n. [< algebra + -ist ; 
applied to one, and probably to several, of the prop. * algebrist = F. algebriste = Sp. Pg. It. alge- 
rumiuant quadrupeds of eastern Africa, etc., brifta, < NL. algebrista."\ One who is versed in 
now known as gazels and antelopes. It is vari- * ne .science of algebra. Also algebrist. 
ously identified, some making it out to be the common 
gazel of Egypt, etc., AntUope dorcas or Dorcas gazella ; 
others, the sasin or common antelope, Anlilope bezoartica, 
a very different animal. It is more probably the first- 
named species, or one closely resembling it. 
Algebar (al'je-bar), n. [Said to be < Ar. al, algebrist (al'je-brist), . Same as algebraist. 
the, + gebdr (Syr. gaboro), giant.] An Arabic algedp (al-je'do), . [NL.,< Gr. aAy-r/6uv,a, sense 
and poetical name of the constellation Orion. f pain, pain, suffering, < aAjeZv, feel bodily pain, 
suffer.] In pathol., violent pain about the 
urethra, testes, bladder, perineum, and anus, 
caused by sudden stoppage of severe gonorrhea. 
algebraize (al'je-bra-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. 
algebraized, ppr. algeltraizing. [< algebra + -ize ; 
prop. *algebrize.] To perform by algebra ; re- 
duce to algebraic form. 
ng stai 
Stood the great giant Algebar, 
Orion, hunter of the beast ! 
Longfellow, Occult, of Orion. 
and n. [= F. Alge- 
, the province, Algiers 
bala, algebra) : 'ilm, 'ulm, science, < 'alama, know 
(cf. alem, alim, almah): al, the; iabr, redinte- 
gration, consolidationXj'a&aro, redintegrate, re- 
Algena ; in the north of Africa. The colony was 
founded in 1834, extends from the Mediterranean south- 
ward to the desert of Sahara, and has Tunis and Morocco 
m its east and west frontiers respectively. 
unite, consolidate (= Heb. gdbar, make strong) ; Algerine (al-je-ren' ), a. and n. [= Sp. Argelino 
wa, and; 'I for al, the; muqabalah, comparison, = It. Algerino : see Algerian."] 1. a. Oforper- 
collation, < qdbala, confront, compare, collate : 
see cabala. The full Ar. name is reflected 
taining to Algiers or Algeria, or to the inhabi- 
tants of Algeria. 
