animability 
animability (an*i-ma-bil'i-ti), H. [< dnimable: 
see -bility.'] Capacity of animation ; capability 
of being animated. 
An aiiimalrilitij of body is acquired (if we may coin a 
word). If. Taylor, Monthly Rev., LXXIV. 393. (.V. E. D.) 
animablet (an'i-ma-bl), a. [< L. animabilis (a 
doubtful reading), "< animare, animate : see ani- 
mate, .] Susceptible of animation. 
animadversalt (an'i-mad-ver'sal), n. [< L. 
animadveriius (pp. ot animadvertere: see an! m ml 
vert) + -n?.] That which has the power of per- 
ceiving ; a percipient. [Bare.] 
That lively inward aiiiinatlri'mal : it is the soul itself: 
for I cannot conceive the body doth animadvert. 
Dr. II. Mure, Song of the Soul, p. 422, note. 
animadversion (an*i-mad-ver'shon), n. [< L. 
(t>iimadversio(n-), the perception of an object, 
consideration, attention, reproach,punishment, 
< animadvertere, pp. animadversus : see animad- 
vert.] If. The act or faculty of observing or 
noticing; observation; perception. 
The soul is the sole percipient which hath animadver- 
sion and sense. Qlanvttle, Seep. Sci. 
2. The act of criticizing; criticism; censure; 
reproof. 
He dismissed their commissioners with severe and sharp 
animadversions. Clarendon. 
We must answer it, ... with such animadversion on 
its doctrines as they deserve. 
D. Webster, Speech, Senate, May 7, 1834. 
= Syn. 2. Remark, comment, reprobation, reprehension. 
animadversive (an"i-mad-ver'8iv), a. and n. 
[< L. animadversus, pp. of animadvertere: see 
animadvert.] I. a. Having the power of per- 
ceiving; percipient: as, ''the animadversive 
faculty," Coleridge. 
II. n. A percipient agent. 2f. E. D. 
animadversiyeness (an'i-mad-ver'siv-nes), n. 
The power of animadverting. Bailey. 
animadvert (an"i-mad-vert'), v. i. [< L. ani- 
madvertere, regard, observe, notice, apprehend, 
censure, punish ; by crasis for an im um advertere, 
in same senses, lit. turn the mind to : animum, 
ace. of animus, the mind (see animus) ; advertere, 
turn to: see advert.] If. To take cognizance 
or notice. 2. To comment critically; make 
remarks by way of criticism or censure ; pass 
strictures or criticisms. 
A man of a most animadverting humour ; 
Who, to endear himself unto his lord, 
Will tell him, you and I, or any of us, 
That here are met, are all pernicious spirits. 
B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, il. 1. 
I wish, sir, you would do us the favour to animadvert 
frequently upon the false taste the town is in. Steele. 
The gentleman from Lowell animadverted somewhat, 
last evening, on the delays attending the publication of 
the reports of decisions. R. Choate, Addresses, p. 374. 
= Syn. 2. Of animadvert upon: To comment upon, criti- 
cize, disapprove, reprehend, blame, censure. 
animadverter (an*i-mad-ver'ter), n. One who 
animadverts or makes remarks by way of cen- 
sure. 
animae. . Plural of anima. 
animal (an'i-mal), a. and . [First in 16th cen- 
tury; (a) animal (anymal, animall) = F. Sp. 
Pg. animal = It. animate, adj., < L. animal-is, 
animate, living (also aerial, consisting of air), 
< antma, a current of air, wind, air, breath, the 
vital principle, life, soul: see anima; (b) ani- 
mal, n., = F. animal = Sp. Pg. animal = It. 
animale, < L. animal, rarely animale, a living 
being, an animal in the widest sense, but some- 
times restricted to a brute or beast ; hence, in 
contempt, a human being; orig. neut. of ani- 
malis, adj., as above. In mod. use animal, a., 
' living, animate,' is inseparably mixed with ani- 
mal, n., used attributively in the sense of 'per- 
taining to animals.'] I. a. If. Pertaining to 
sensation. See animal spirits, below. 2f. Hav- 
ing life; living; animate. 3. Pertaining to the 
merely sentient part of a living being, as dis- 
tinguished from the intellectual, rational, or 
spiritual part; of man, pertaining to those parts 
of his nature which he shares with inferior ani- 
mals. 
Good humour, frankness, generosity, active courage, 
sanguine energy, buoyancy of temper, are the usual and 
appropriate accompaniments of a vigorous animal tem- 
perament. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 132. 
Faith in God is the source of all power. Before a soul 
inspired by this faith, the animal strength of a Napoleon 
or a Jackson is only weakness. 
J. F: Clarke, Self -Culture, p. 377. 
4. Of, pertaining to, or derived from animals. 
It may be reasonably doubted whether any form of ani- 
mal life remains to be discovered which will not be found 
to accord with one or other of the common plans now 
known. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 50. 
218 
Animal anaeretics. Sec /m /(/>. Animal charcoal. 
same as 6om>-Marfc. Animal economy, the physiological 
course of events in the life of an animal ; th< s<-i|iK-nee of 
cause and effect observed in the vital activities <>f animals ; 
the order of animated nature. Animal electricity, < K < 
tricity generated in animal bodies, as, in largequantltles, in 
the electric eel, the torpedo, and Muliiiiti-ruru*, or. in small 
ijiiiintities, in nervous, muscular, and other tissues. Ani- 
mal food, flesh or any other part of an animal which is 
eaten. Animal force. See force. Animal function, 
any vital activity or physiological process performed in ani- 
mal economy ; any organic property < ir character of animals. 
Such functions may be grouped In a few broad classes : (1) 
Mentality, including all activities of the mind as distin- 
guished from those of the body, such as instinct, reason, 
intellection, ideation, etc. (2) Sensibility, or feeling; the 
capability of responding automatically to external stimuli ; 
irritability ; innervatiou : common to all animals in a high 
degree as compared with plants. (3) Locomotion, usual in 
animals, but unusual in plants. (4) Nutrition, involving in- 
terstitial growth and waste and repair : common to plants 
and animals, but usually differently effected in the two, 
and witli different material. (5) Reproduction, or genera- 
tion, a process whereby growth is devoted to the forma- 
tion of separate individuals. Functions shared by all or- 
ganized beings are called organic or vegetative functions; 
no functions are peculiar to animals except those of men- 
tality. Other lesser categories of functions are sometimes 
named : as, the digestive function ; the sexual function ; 
the function of circulation, of respiration; the function 
of the liver, or of any part or organ, that is, the special part 
which it takes in the animal economy. Animal heat, the 
temperature maintained during life in an animal body, and 
requisite for its physiological functions. It varies from 
a degree not appreciably different from that of the ele- 
ment in which the animal lives to one much higher, the 
latter being the case with the higher animals. Difference 
in degree of animal heat is the ground of a division of the 
higher animals into warm-blooded and cold-blooded, or 
Hamatotherma and Hamiatocrya. In the former a very 
sensibly elevated temperature is maintained. It is highest 
in birds, mounting sometimes to 112 F. In mammals a 
usual range is from 96 to 104 F. In man the mean 
normal temperature is about 99, any considerable devia- 
tion from which is inconsistent with health. Animal 
heat is simply a case of chemical combustion ; an analo- 
gous process goes on in plants. It is an index of the 
molecular motion of the body, and a measure of the work 
done by an animal in its vital activities. Animal king- 
dom, all animals collectively ; Animalia; one of the three 
grand divisions of the realm of nature (imperium natural), 
the other two comprising plants and minerals respectively. 
For scientific purposes it nas been divided into classes, or- 
ders, families, genera, species, and groups (with interme- 
diate divisions often fonned by prefixing sub- or super- to 
these words), whereby the classification and registration of 
animals are facilitated. Examples of the primary divisions 
are the following : (1) The Linnean system (1786) divided 
animals into 6 classes: I. Mammalia; II. Aves ; III. .t<" 
phibia ; IV. Pieces ; V. Insecta ; VI. Verma. (2) The sys- 
tem of Cnvier (1817) proposed 4 subkingdoms and 20 classes : 
I. Vertebrata (Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Pisces)', II. Mol- 
lusca (Cephalopoda, Pteropoda, Gasteropoda, Acephala, 
Brachiopoda, Cirrhopoda); III. Articiuata (Annelides, 
Crustacea, Trilobita, Arachnida, Insecta); IV. Radiata 
(Echinodermata, Entozoa, Acalepha, Polypi, Infusoria,). 
(3) The system of Owen (I860) separated the Protozoa from 
Animalia proper as a separate kingdom, the latter being 
then divided into subkingdom I., Invertebrata, with 3 
provinces, Radiata, Articulata, Molhuca ; and subkingdom 
II., Vertebrata. (4) In 1869 Huxley arranged the animal 
kingdom in the 8 primary groups Vertebrata, Mollusca, 
Molluscoida, Coslenterata, Annulosa, Annuloida, Infu- 
soria, Protozoa. No two authorities agree upon the lead- 
ing divisions of the animal kingdom, but a system like 
the following is now quite generally accepted : Subking- 
dom A (with one phylum), Protozoa : class I. , Rhizopoda ; 
class II., Oregannida; class III., Infusoria. Subking- 
dom B, Metazoa. Phylum 1, Coelenterata : class uV., 
Spongiozoa; class V., Hydrozoa; class VI., Actinozoa ; 
class VII., Ctenozoa. Phylum 2, Echinodermata: class 
VIII., Crinoidea; class IX., Asteroidea; class X., Echinoi- 
dea; class XI., Holothunidea. Phylum 3, Verities: class 
XII., Plathelminthes ; class XIII., Nemathelmintheg ; 
class XIV., Qephyrea; class XV., Annelida; class XVI., 
Rotifera. Phylum 4, Arthropoda : class XVII., Crustacea ; 
class XVIII., Arachnida; class XIX., Myriapoda; class 
XX. , Insecta. Phylum 5, Molluscoidea : class XXI. , Poly- 
zoa; class XXII., Brachiopoda. Phylum 6, Mollusca: 
class XXIII., Acephala; class XXIV., Pleropoda; class 
XXV., Gasteropoda ; class XXVI., Cephalopoda. Phylum 
7, Vertebrata: class XXVII., Tunicata; class XXVIII., 
Leptocardia ; class XXIX., Marsipobranchii ; class XXX., 
Elasmobranchii; class XXXI., Pisces; class XXXII., 
A mphibia ; class XXXI II. , Reptilia ; class XXXI V. , A ves ; 
class XXXV., Mammalia. Three remarkable genera, Di- 
cyema, Sagitta, and Balanoglosaus, are severally regarded 
by many authors as types of classes. Animal magnet- 
ism, mechanics, etc. See the nouns. Animal power, 
the unit of power in men and animals, as man-power, 
horse-power, etc. Usually expressed in foot-pounds. See 
horse-power. Animal spirits. () According to the doc- 
trine of Galen, modified by Descartes, subtile and almost 
incorporeal parts of the living body, which penetrate the 
pores of the nerves and pass between the brain and the 
periphery, acting as the agents of volition and sensation. 
Also in the singular, animal spirit, equivalent to nervous 
force or action. (6) In modern use, exuberance of health 
and life ; natural buoyancy; cheerfulness, animation, gai- 
ety, and good humor. 
Animal spirits constitute the power of the present, and 
their feats are like the structure of a pyramid. 
Emerson, Society and Solitude. 
II. n. 1. A sentient living being; anindividu- 
al, organized, animated, and sentient portion of 
matter; in zool., one of the Animalia ; a mem- 
ber of the animal kingdom, as distinguished 
from a vegetable or a mineral. The distinction 
from the latter is sufficient, consisting in organization, 
interstitial nutrition, vitality, and animation ; but it is im- 
possible to draw any line between all vegetables and all 
Animalia 
animals. Any criteria which may be diagnostic in most 
instances fail of applicability to the lowest forms of ani- 
mal and vegetable life ; and no definition which has been 
attempted has been entirely successful. Most animals are 
]oe< mintory as well as motile ; most plants are fixed. Most 
animals exhibit distinct active and apparently conscious 
or voluntary movements in response to irritation, me- 
chanical or other; most plants do not. Most animals 
feed upon other animals or upon plants, that is to say, 
upon organic matter; most plan!*, upon inorganic sub- 
stances. .Most animals have no cellulose in their compo- 
sition, nitrogenous compounds prevailing; while cellulose 
is highly characteristic of plants. Most animals inhale 
oxygen and exhale carbon dioxid, the reverse of the 
usual process in plants; and few animals have chlorophyl, 
which is so generally present in plants. Animals have usu- 
ally a digestive cavity and a nervous system, and are capa- 
ble of certain manifestations of consciousness, sentiency, 
and volition, which can be attributed to plants only by 
great latitude in the use of the terms. See also extract. 
Ordinary animals . . . not only possess conspicuous lo- 
comotive activity, but their parts readily alter their form 
or position when irritated. Their nutriment, consisting 
of other animals and of plants, is taken in the solid form 
Into a digestive cavity. . . . Traced down to their lowest 
terms, the series of plant forms gradually lose more and 
more of their distinctive vegetable features, while the 
series of animal forms part with more and more of their 
distinctive animal characters, and the two series converge 
to a common term. . . . The most characteristic morpho- 
logical peculiarity of the animal is the absence of any 
such cellulose investment [of the cells as plants possess], 
The most characteristic physiological peculiarity of the 
animal is its want of power to manufacture protein out of 
simpler compounds. lluxley, Anat. Invert., pp. 43-47. 
2. An inferior or irrational sentient being, in 
contradistinction to man ; a brute ; a beast : as, 
men and animals. 3. A contemptuous term for 
a human being in whom the animal nature has 
the ascendancy Aggregate animals. See aggre- 
gate. Animals' Protection Acts, English statutes of 
1849 (12 and 13 Viet., c. 92), 1854 (17 and 18 Viet., c. 60), 
and 1861 (24 and 25 Viet., c. 97, sections 40, 41), for pre- 
venting cruelty to animals. Compound animals. See 
compound!. 
animal-clutch (an'i-mal-kluch), . A device 
for gripping animals by the leg while slaugh- 
tering them. 
animalcula (an-i-mal'ku-la), n. pi. [NL. : see 
animalculum.] 1. Plural of animalculum. 2. 
[cp.] A loose synonym of Infusoria. 
animalculae (an-i-mal'ku-le), n. pi. An incor- 
rect form of animalcula, of which it is assumed 
to be the plural. See animalculum and ani- 
malculc. 
animalcular (an-i-mal'ku-lar), a. [< animal- 
cule + -r.] 1. Of or pertaining to animal- 
cules. 2. Of or pertaining to the physiologi- 
cal doctrine of ammalculism. 
An equivalent form is animalculine. 
animalcule (au-i-mal'kul), n. [=F. animalcule, 
< NL. animalculum, q. v.] If. Any little animal, 
as a mouse, insect, etc. 2. A minute or micro- 
scopic animal, nearly or quite invisible to the 
naked eye, as an infusorian or rotifer ; an ani- 
malculum : as, the \>e\\-animaleule, a ciliate in- 
fusorian of the family Vorticellidae ; wheel-am- 
malcule, a rotifer; bear-animalcule, a minute 
arachnidan of the order Arctisca. See cuts un- 
der Arctisca, Rotifera, and Vorticella Proteus 
animalcule, a former name of amoeba. Seminal ani- 
malcule, a spermatozoon (which see). 
animalculine (an-i-mal'ku-lin), a. Same as 
animalcular. 
animalculism (an-i-mal'ku-lizm), n. [< ani- 
malcule + -ism.'] 1. The theory that animal- 
cules cause disease. 2. The doctrine or theory 
of incasement in the male; spermism; sper- 
matism. See incasement. 
Also called animalism. 
animalculist (an-i-mal'ku-list), n. [< animal- 
cule + -ist.] 1. A special student of animal- 
cules ; one versed in the study of animalcules. 
2. An adherent of animalculism or the physi- 
ological theory of incasement in the male; a 
sp_ermist. See incasement. 
animalculum (an-i-mal'ku-lum), .; pi. animal- 
cula (-la). [NL., a little animal, dim. of L. ani- 
mal, an animal: see animal.'] An animalcule. 
animal-flower (an'i-mal-flou' / er), n. A zo6- 
phyte or phytozoon ; a radiated animal resem- 
bling or likened to a flower, as many of the 
Actinozoa: a term especially applied to sea- 
anemones, but also extended to various other 
zoophytes which at one end are fixed as if 
rooted, and at the other are expanded like a 
flower. 
animalhood (an'i-mal-hud), n. [< animal + 
-Aoorf.] The state or condition of any animal 
other than man; animality as distinguished 
from humanity. [Rare.] 
A creature almost lapsed from humanity into animal- 
Reader, Nov., 1863, p. 537. (If. E. D.) 
huod. 
Animalia (an-i-ma'li-a), n. pi. [L., pi. of ani- 
mal : see animal.] Animals as a grand division 
