apocopate 
out off, or to the part thus removed ; (ft) in 
math., to a series of quotients constituting a 
continuant, when the first or last member of the 
series is cut off. 
apocope (a-pok'o-pe), n. [L., < Gr. aironairf/, a 
Cutting Off, < ilTTOKOTTTeiV, CUt Off, < QTO, off, + 
K6jTTetv, cut.] 1. In tjram., the cutting off or 
omission of the last letter or syllable of a word, 
as in th' for the, f for in. 2. In sura., a wound 
with loss of substance ; ablation ; amputation. 
3. [cap.] [NL.] In zool., a genus of plec- 
tospondylous fishes, of the family I'yprinidie. 
It contains several species of western North 
America, such as A. couesi. E. D, Cope, 1871. 
apocrenic (ap-o-kren'ik), a. [< Gr. 0x6. from, 
+ Kpi/vri, a spring, + -tc.] Obtained from 
springs: used only in the following phrase. 
Apocrenic add, an uncrystallizable brown gummy 
acid, soluble in water, existing in certain mineral springs, 
and in the vegetable mold of soil together with crenic 
acid, from which it is formed by oxidation. 
Apocreos (a-ppk're-os), n. [LGr. air&npeuf, a 
season of fasting; cf. inrunpaniv, abstain from 
flesh, < Gr. air A, from, + upt-ac, flesh.] In the Gr. 
Cli.: (a) Sexagesima Sunday: so called be- 
cause abstinence from flesh begins from that 
day. (6) The week preceding Sexagesima, in 
some respects analogous to the carnival of 
western Europe. 
apocrisary (a-pok'ri-sa-ri), n. ; pi. apocrisaries 
(-riz). Same as apocrisiari/. 
apocrisiary (ap-o-kris'i-a-n), n. ; pi. apocrisia- 
ries (-riz). [< LL. apocrisiarius, also apocrisa- 
rius, < Gr. iariitftiaif, an answer, < airoicpiveoOai, 
answer, mid. of inronpivuv, separate, distin- 
guish, < air6, from, + Kplveiv, separate, dis- 
tinguish, = L. cernere, separate, distinguish: 
see critic and crisis."] Formerly, the title of va- 
rious diplomatic or ministerial officers; espe- 
cially (a) of the representatives of the see of 
Rome and other chief sees at Constantinople ; 
(ft) of the papal representatives at the court of 
Charlemagne and his successors, until the title 
was given to an imperial officer, after which 
the former were called legates or nuncios. 
apocrustict (ap-o-krus'tik), a. and n. [< Gr. 
axoKpovartKAf, able to drive off, repellent, < im&- 
upovoToe, driven off, verbal adj. of aironpovetv, 
beat off, drive off, < anA, off, + Kpovetv, beat, 
strike.] I. a. In med., repelling; astringent. 
II. . An astringent and repellent medicine. 
apocrypha (a-pok'ri-fa), . pi., also used as sing. 
[In ME. as a quasi-adj., in lit. sense ; < LL. apo- 
crypha,neut. pi. (sc. scripta) of apocryplms, < Gr. 
aTroKpvttxx; (neut. pi. (nrbiipvtya, sc. ypafipaTa or 
/3(/}A/o), hidden, concealed, obscure, recondite, 
hard to understand; in eccles. use, of writ- 
ings, anonymous, of unknown or undetermined 
authorship or authority, unrecognized, unca- 
nonical, spurious, pseudo-; < (nroKpinrTetv, hide 
away, conceal, obscure, < inr6, away, + Kpinrreiv, 
hide, conceal: see apo- and crypt.] 1. A writ- 
ing or statement of doubtful authorship or au- 
thenticity : formerly used, in the predicate, as a 
quasi-adjective. 
The writynge is Apocripha whanne the auctor therof is 
unknowe. 
Trevisa, tr. of Higden's Polychron., V. 105. (If. E. D.) 
That . . . Kings enjoy'd their Crowns by Right descend- 
ing to them from Adam, that we think not only Apocrypha, 
but also utterly impossible. 
Locke, Government, II. i. 11. (N. E. D.) 
Specifically 2. Eccles.: (a) A name given in 
the early church to various writings of uncer- 
tain origin and authority, regarded by some 
as inspired, but rejected by most authorities or 
believers. Such books were either works acknowledged 
to be useful and edifying, but not established as canonical, 
or else heretical writings absolutely rejected by the church. 
(6) [cap.] A collection of fourteen books sub- 
joined to the canonical books of the Old Testa- 
ment in the authorized version of the Bible, as 
originally issued, but now generally omitted. 
They do not exist in the Hebrew Bible, but are found with 
others of the same character scattered through the Sep- 
tuagint and Vulgate versions of the Old Testament. They 
are : First and Second Esdras (otherwise Third and Fourth 
Esdras or Ezra, reckoning Nehemiah as Second Ezra or 
Esdras), Tobit or Tobias, Judith, thcRestof Esther, Wisdom 
of Solomon, Ecclesiasticlis, Baruch (as joined to Jeremiah), 
parts of Daniel (namely, Song of the Three Children, the 
History of Susanna, the Destruction of Bel and the Dragon), 
the Prayer of Manasses, and First and Second Maccabees. 
Most of these are recognized by the Human Catholic ( 'hurch 
as fully canonical, though theologians of that church . .(ten 
distinguish them as deuterocanonical, on the ground that 
their place in the canon was decided later than that of the 
other books, limiting the name Apocrypha to the two 
(hist) hooks of Esdras and the Prayer of Manasses, and 
other books not in the above collection, namely, Third 
and Fourth Maccabees, a book of Enoch, an additional or 
151st Psalm of David, and eighteen Psalms of Solomon. 
With these sometimes are included certain pseudepi- 
262 
graphic books, such as the Apocalypse of Baruch and the 
Assumption of Muses. The name Apocrypha is also occa- 
sionally made to embrace the Antilcgomcna of the New 
Testament. TbeGrcek Church makcsnotlistiiiction anionu r 
the books contained in the Scptuagint. In the Anglican 
and Lutheran churches, the AiH>crypha are read fur ex- 
ample of life and instruction of manners, but not for the 
establishing of any doctrine. See uiitilrtimiiena and deu- 
apocryphal (a-pok'ri-fal), a. and . [< NL. 
apOOryphoKt,* LL. itporryplin : aeettpocri/pha.] 
I. 11. 1. Of doubtful authorship, authenticity, 
or inspiration ; spurious; fictitious; false. 
The apocryphal^ relics uf saints and apostles which then 
burdened the shrines of Greek churches. 
Tieknar, Span. Lit., I. 185. 
Specifically 2. Eccles.: (a) Of doubtful sanc- 
tion; uncanonical; having no ecclesiastical 
authority. 
Jerome . . . saith that all writings not canonical are 
apocryphal. Hooker. 
(b) Of or pertaining to the Apocrypha: as, "the 
A/iocryplial writers," Addison. 
II. n. A writing not canonical; a book or 
passage of uncertain source, authority, or 
credit. [Rare.] 
Nicephorus and Anastasius, . . . because they were 
interpolated and corrupted, did rank these epistles in the 
number of apocryphal*. Hammer, Eccles. Antiq., p. 419. 
apocryphalist (a-pok'ri-fal-ist), n. [< apocry- 
phal + -int.] An advocate of the canonicity of 
the Apocrypha. 
apocryphally (a-pok'ri-fal-i), adv. In an apoc- 
ryphal manner ; uncertainly ; equivocally ; 
doubtfully. 
apocryphalness (a-pok'ri-fal-nes), n. [< apoc- 
ryphal + -ness.] The state or quality of being 
apocryphal or of uncertain authenticity. 
apocryphicalt (ap-o-krif'i-kal), a. [< apocry- 
plia + -ic-al.] Apocryphal. Sp. Butt, Cor. of 
Ch. of Rome. 
Apocynaceae (a-pos-i-na'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < 
Apocynum + -acea.] A natural order of dicoty- 
ledonous plants, having for its type the genus 
Apocynum, or dogbane. It is very nearly allied to 
the order Asclepiadacetz, from which, however, it is distin- 
guished by the fact that its stamens are free from the 
style and stigma, and Its anthers contain granular pollen. 
The species are largely tropical, and have a milky juice 
that is often acrid and sometimes very poisonous. In- 
dia-rubber is obtained from several species in Africa, India, 
and South America. The order furnishes woods that are 
used for carving and furniture, several fiber-plants, barks 
valuable in medicine, and some edible fruits. It includes 
the ordeal-tree of Madagascar (Cerbera Tanghin), the 
milk-tree of Demerara, the cream-fruit of Sierra Leone, 
and the periwinkle (Vinca), oleander (Xerium Oleander), 
Cape jasmine (Jthynchoftpennitm), and plants of the ge- 
nus A llamanda which are cultivated in gardens and green- 
houses. 
apocynaceous (a-pos-i-na'shius), a. [< NL. 
apocynaceus: see Apocynacea:] Of or pertain- 
ing to the Apocynacete. 
apocyneous (ap-o-sin'e-us), a. [< NL. apocy- 
neus, < Apocynum, q. v.j Same as apocynaceous. 
Hooker. 
apocynin (a-pos'i-nin), n. [< Apocynum + -i2.] 
A bitter principle derived from dogbane, Apocy- 
num cannabinum. 
Apocynum (a-pos'i-num), n. [NL., < L. apocy- 
non, dogbane (Aconitum lycoctonum, Linnaeus), 
< Gr. a-xAnwov, a plant, Cynanchus erectus, < cnrA, 
from, away, T /crow (KW-), a dog, = E. hound.] 
Dogbane, a genus of perennial herbs, type 
of the natural order Apocynaceee (which see), 
and including three species, of which two, A. 
androscemifolium and A. cannabinum, are North 
American. The common name of the latter is Indian 
hemp, from the use of its fibrous and extremely tough bark 
by the American Indians for making nets, etc. 
apod, apode (ap'od, -6d), a. and n. [< NL. 
apux (apod-), < Gr. airovf (airofl-), footless, < a- 
priv. + Trouf (irai-) = E. foot.] I. a. Footless ; 
apodal. 
II. n. An apodal or apodous animal ; an ani- 
mal without feet, or supposed to have none ; a 
member of one of the several groups called 
Apoda or Apodes. 
Apoda (ap'o-da), n. yl. [NL., neut. pi. of apm 
(apod-),< Gr. OKOVC, (avo6-), footless: see apod.] 
In zool., a name given to various groups of ani- 
mals, (a) As used by Aristotle, the third division of 
Zuotoka, or air-breathing animals which bring forth their 
young alive. It included the whales. This probably origi- 
nal use uf the word still lingers in some systems. See (b). 
(b) Those placental mammals which have no feet, as dis- 
tinguished from the Pedota (which see). (<) In irlilli., 
same as Apodftt. (d) In Cuvier's system of classification, 
the second order of echinoderms, contrasted with Pedi- 
CfUata. It is a heterogeneous group, consisting of the 
following genera : Molptvlia, .V/m/*, PriafHliU, Lithoder- 
7rtw, Siphuncttlit*, Jlottellia, ThalaifSfina ; the first a holo- 
thurian, the second a crelenterate, the rest gephyreans. 
(e) With Van der Hoeven, an order of cchinoderms. See 
Gephyrea. (/) In Claus's arrangement, an order of holo- 
apodictic 
thiirians, containing the families St/nai/lt'ilit and Mol- 
1'niiiiilai, the last of which constitutes bis suborder Pneu- 
numopkora. (./) In Macleay's system of chissincation, a 
division of Annelida, including those which have no feet 
or .listim-t head : opposed to /W W ,,,,M. It is.livi.led into 
three groups, the Lumbricina, .\V,,,, -rlimi. and Ilinnliin-ii 
ortheeartbwunns. ncmerteaus. and leeches. (/,) An order 
at Amphibia, sameai Qumnophiona or OpAtomorpAa, con- 
stitutcd by the family 1'ieriliidie alone. (/) A group of 
degraded parasitic cirripeds. having a vermiform body, 
a suctorial month, no thoracic or abdominal limbs (and 
consequently no cirri), anil a rudiniciitan peduncle repre- 
sented by two separate threads bearing the characteristic 
antenniform organs. There is but one genus, I'roteole- 
pan (which see). 
apodal (ap'o-dal), a. [< apod or Apoda + -rtl] 
Having no feet, or supposed to have none ; foot- 
less: applied specifically in sool. to members 
of the several groups called Apoda or Apodes, 
especially to the fishes so called. 
apodan (np'o-dan), . [< Apoda.] One of the 
.l/niilii or Apodes. 
apodeictic, etc. See apodictic, etc. 
apodeipnon (ap-6-dip'non), . [< Gr. airoiei- 
irvov, the after-supper service, < an6, off, + fci- 
TTVOV, the evening meal.] See complin. 
apodema (a-podVma), n. ; pi. apodemata (ap- 
6-dem'a-ta). [NL., < Gr. av6, from, off, + (Stymf, 
body, frame.] A name given to the plates of 
e hit i n which pass inward from the integuments 
of crustaceans, and divide as well as support 
their internal organs. Also ajiodeme. 
apodemal (a-pod'e-mal), a. Having the char- 
acter of an apodema V as, an apodemal parti- 
tion; an apodemal chamber. Also apodema- 
tous. 
apodemata, n. Plural of apodema. 
apodematous (ap-o-dem'a-tus), a. Same as 
ll/KI/lcllKll. 
apodeme (ap'o-dem), n. Same as apodema. 
apoderm (ap'o-derm), n. [< NL. apoderma, < 
Gr. air6dep[iaj a hide stripped off, \ airodepeiv, 
skin, flay, < air6, = E. off, + Aipeiv, skin, flay, = 
E. (ear 1 . Cf. derm.] One of the egg-membranes 
of the mites called trombidiids, developed only 
under special conditions. 
apoderma (ap-o-der'ma), n. ; pi. apodermata 
(-ma-ta). [NL.] Same as apoderm. 
Apodes (ap'o-dez), n. pi. [NL., masc. pi. of 
npus (apod-) : see apod.] 1. An order of fishes 
to which very different limits have been as- 
signed. (a) In the classification of Uniueus (1758), a 
group of osseous fishes without ventral fins and com- 
prising a heterogeneous assemblage of representatives of 
various modern orders, (b) In Bloch and Schneider's sys- 
tem (1801), some one of several orders of fishes, the name 
heing repeated under several so-called classes which were 
distinguished by the number of tins. As thus used, the 
word was a descriptive rather than a distinctive term. 
(c) In Cuvier's system, a section of the malacopterygians, 
the name being applied adjeetively to such forms as are 
destitute of ventral fins. The true eels, symbranchiate 
eels, Gymnonoti, typical 0]>hidioidea, and Ammadytoidea 
were referred to this group. ((/) By various later writers 
the name was used as a distinctive ordinal name. By T. 
Miiller the Ophidioulea and AiniHodytttidea were elimi- 
nated. By Gill, iu 1861, the order was restricted to the 
typical and symbranchiate eels, and later (1884) to the 
true eels, or teleost fishes with the intcrmaxillaries atro- 
phied or lost, the supermaxillaries lateral, and the hody 
anguilliform and destitute of ventral tins. These char- 
acters are correlated with various others which justify 
the isolation. The principal families are the Anguillidce, 
Ophichthyida, and Mwramida. 
2. In De Blainville's system of classification, 
a division of his Entomozoaria ; the apodal, as 
distinguished from the chsetopod, entomozoans. 
It includes the leeches, and is approximately equivalent 
to the Hirudinea of mndern naturalists, hut contains many 
intestinal worms. 
Apodia (a-pod'i-S), . pi. [NL., < Gr. <57rot>r 
(airoi-), without feet: see apod.] In Gegen- 
baur's system of classification, one of two 
divisions of Holotliuroida (the other being Ex- 
podia), established for the reception of 'the 
genus SyHapta and allied forms. 
apodictic, apodeictic (ap-o-dik'tik, -dik'tik),a. 
and . [< L. ajtodictictis, < Gr. airo6eiKTin6f, de- 
monstrative, demonstrating, < axodeiKrof , demon- 
strated, verbal adj. of airoie invdvai, demonstrate, 
point out, show, < ami, from, + oeaerbvat, point 
out, show, = L. diccre, say: see diction.] I. a. 
1. Demonstrative; incontestable because de- 
monstrated or demonstrable; of the nature of 
necessary proof. 
The argumentation is from a similitude, therefore not 
apodictick, or of evident demonstration. 
Dr. J. Hobinmit, Eudoxa (1058), p. 23. 
There is one character which will be considered deci- 
sive, and that is the apodictic certainty belonging to 
mathematical conclusions. 
11. 11. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. 202. 
2. In logic, a term descriptive of a form of 
judgment in which the connection of subject 
and predicate is asserted to be necessary; as- 
serting its own necessity. Thus, "Two spheres 
