ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a.,adj adjective. 
abbr abbreviation. 
abl ablative. 
ace accusative. 
accom accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
adv adverb. 
AF Anglo-French. 
agri agriculture. 
AL Anglo-Latin. 
alg algebra. 
Amer. American. 
anat anatomy. 
anc ancient. 
antiq antiquity. 
aor aorist. 
appar apparently. 
Ar Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
archicol archaeology. 
arith arithmetic. 
art article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
astrol astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bav Bavarian. 
Beng Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
hot. botany. 
Braz Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
liulg. Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
caua. causative. 
ceram ceramics. 
at L. confer, compare. 
ch church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin Chinese. 
chron chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
CODID composition, com- 
pound. 
compar. comparative. 
conch conchology. 
con] conjunction. 
contr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
craniol craniology. 
cranium craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
def definite, definition. 
deriv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
diff different. 
dim diminutive. 
distrib distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
c ly i win dynamics. 
E. East. 
E English (usn ally mean- 
ing modern English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g L. exempli gratia, for 
example. 
E. I'M! East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
embryol embryology. 
Eng. English. 
engin engineering. 
entom entomology. 
Epis Episcopal. 
equiv equivalent. 
esp especially. 
Eth Ethiopic. 
ethnog ethnography. 
ethnol ethnology. 
etym etymology. 
Eur European. 
exclam exclamation. 
f., fern feminine. 
F French (usually mean- 
iivj modern French). 
Flem Flemish. 
fort fortification. 
freq frequentative. 
Fries Friesic. 
fut future. 
G QeTm&n(u#uallymean- 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geography. 
geology. 
geom geometry. 
Goth Gothic (Moesogothic). 
Gr Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her. heraldry. 
herpet herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani. 
hist history. 
horol horology. 
hort horticulture. 
Hung Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (usually 
meaning Old Ice- 
landic, otherwise call- 
ed Old Norse). 
ichth ichthyology. 
i. e L. id eat, that is. 
impers impersonal. 
impf imperfect. 
impv imperative. 
improp improperly. 
1 1 M 1 Indian. 
ind indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
Indef indefinite. 
Inf. infinitive. 
instr. instrumental. 
JnterJ interjection. 
intr., intrans. . . .intransitive. 
Ir Irish. 
irreg irregular, irregularly. 
It Italian. 
Jap Japanese. 
L. Latin (usually mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
lichenol lichenology. 
lit literal, literally. 
lit literature. 
Lith Lithuanian. 
lithog lithography. 
lithol lithology. 
LL Late Latin. 
m., masc masculine. 
M Middle. 
111:11- 1 1 machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
MD Middle Dutch. 
ME Middle English (other- 
wise called Old Eng- 
lish). 
mech mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med medicine. 
mensur mensuration. 
metal metallurgy. 
metapli metaphysics. 
meteor. meteorology. 
Mex Mexican. 
MGr Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHG Middle High German. 
milit military. 
mineral mineralogy. 
ML Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG Middle Low German. 
mod modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth mythology. 
n noun. 
n., neut. neuter. 
N New. 
N North. 
N. Amer North America. 
nat natural. 
naut nautical. 
nav navigation. 
NGr New Greek, modern 
Greek. 
NHG New High German 
(usually simply G., 
German). 
NL New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north northern. 
Norw Norwegian. 
numis numismatics. 
Old. 
obs obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other- 
wise called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat Old Catalan. 
OD Old Dutch. 
ODan Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontol. odontology. 
OF. Old French. 
OFlem Old Flemish. 
OGael Old Gaelic. 
OHO Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig original, originally. 
ornith ornithology. 
OS Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteol osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTeut Old Teutonic. 
p. a participial adjective. 
paleon paleontology. 
part. participle. 
pass passive. 
pathol pathology. 
pert. perfect. 
Pers Persian. 
pers person. 
persp. perspective. 
Peruv Peruvian. 
petrog petrography. 
Pg Portuguese. 
phar pharmacy. 
Phen Phenician. 
philol philology. 
philos philosophy. 
phonog phonography. 
photog photography. 
phren phrenology. 
phys physical. 
physiol physiology. 
pi., plur plural. 
poet poetical. 
polit political. 
Pol Polish. 
poss possessive. 
pp past participle. 
ppr present participle. 
Pr Provencal (usually 
meaning Old Pro- 
vencal). 
pref prefix. 
prep preposition. 
pres present. 
pret preterit. 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop properly. 
pros, prosody. 
Prot Protestant. 
prov provincial. 
psychol psychology. 
q. v L. quod (or pi. iptce) 
vide, which see. 
refl reflexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Rom Roman. 
Rom Romanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Russ Russian. 
8 South. 
S. Amer .South American. 
sc L. scilicet, understand, 
supply. 
Sc Scotch. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp sculpture. 
Serv Servian. 
sing singular. 
Skt Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
8p Spanish. 
subj subjunctive. 
superl superlative. 
surg surgery. 
surv surveying. 
Sw Swedish. 
tyn synonymy. 
Syr. Syriac. 
techno! technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teratol teratology. 
term termination. 
Teut Teutonic. 
theat theatrical. 
theoL theology. 
therap therapeutics. 
toxicol toxicology. 
tr., trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk Turkish. 
typog typography. 
ult ultimate, ultimately. 
v verb. 
var variant. 
vet veterinary. 
v. i intransitive verb. 
v. t. transitive verb. 
W Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach Wallachian. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
zoogeog zoogeography. 
zobl zoology. 
loot zootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as in fat, man, pang. 
a as in fate, mane, dale. 
a as in far, father, guard. 
4 as in fall, talk, naught. 
a as in ask, fast, ant. 
a as in fare, hair, bear. 
e as in met, pen, bless. 
e as in mete, meet, meat. 
6 as in her, fern, heard. 
i as in pin, it, biscuit. 
I as in pine, fight, file. 
o as in not, on, frog. 
o as in note, poke, floor. 
6 as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as in nor, song, off. 
u as in tub, son, blood. 
u as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty : see Preface pp 
ix, x). 
u as in pull, book, could. 
u German u, French u. 
oi as in oil, Joint, boy. 
ou as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. 
Thus: 
3 as in prelate, courage, captain. 
as in ablegate, episcopal. 
as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat. 
u as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, its sound is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short w-sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
a as in errant, republican, 
e. as in prudent, difference, 
i. as in charity, density, 
p as in valor, actor, idiot, 
ji as in Persia, peninsula, 
e as in the book, 
u as in nature, feature. 
A mark (~) under the consonants t, d, 
s, z indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus : 
J as in nature, adventure. 
(} as in arduous, education. 
s as in leisure. 
z as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TH as in then. 
ch as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (in French words) French liquid (mou- 
illr ) 1. 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. 
(A secondary accent is not marked if at its 
regular interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
<read/rom; i. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; i. e., from which is derived. 
+ read and ; i. e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate mth; i. e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
V read root. 
" read theoretical or alleged ; i. e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
t read obsolet*. 
