blasting 
guncotton, blasting-gelatin, blasting-powder, dunlin, dyna- 
mite, gunpowder, haloxj lin, and lithofracteur. See these 
words. 
blasting (blas'ting), p. a. [Ppr. of blast, v.] 
Affecting with injury or blight ; destructive. 
A blasting and a scandaluus breath. 
Sliah., M. for M., v. 1. 
blasting-cartridge (blas'ting-kar'trij), . A 
cartridge containing a substance to be used in 
blasting. Such cartridges are made with various de- 
vices to prevent premature explosion, and are commonly 
exploded by means of electricity. 
blasting-fuse (blas'ting-fuz), . A fuse con- 
sisting of a cord the axis of which has been 
filled with fine powder during the manufacture. 
This burns slowly and gives the workmen time 
to get to a safe distance before the explosion. 
blasting-gelatin (bias ' ting -jel" a- tin), n. A 
blasting-compound consisting of 7 parts of gun- 
cotton and 4 of camphor dissolved in 89 parts 
of nitroglycerin. Also called nitrogelatin and 
explosive gelatin. 
blasting-needle (blas'tin^-ne*dl), n, A slen- 
der, tapering rod which is inserted into the 
powder and kept in its place during the opera- 
tion of tamping, in preparing a blast, its object 
is to preserve a channel through which the match may 
reach the powder or other explosive. At the present day 
the use of the needle is almost entirely done away with, 
the so-called safety-fuse, or simply fuse, being used in its 
place. Also called, in England, a sternmer. 
blasting-oil (blas'ting-oil), n. Same as nitro- 
glycerin. 
blasting-tube (blas'ting-tub), n. India-rubber 
tubing employed to hold a charge of nitro- 
glycerin. 
blast-lamp (blast'lamp), n. A. lamp in which 
combustion is assisted by an artificially pro- 
duced draft of air. 
blastmentt (blast'ment), n. [< blast, v., + 
-merit.] Blast; a sudden stroke of some de- 
structive cause. 
In the morn and liquid dew of youth 
Contagious blastments are most imminent. 
Shak., Hamlet, 1. 3. 
blast-meter (blast'me''ter), n. An anemome- 
ter placed at the nozle of a blowing-engine. 
blast-nozle, blast-orifice (blast'noz"!, -oi'i- 
fis), n. The fixed or variable orifice in the 
delivery end of a blast-pipe. 
blasto-. [< Gr. /3/krorof , a germ, sprout, shoot : 
see blastus.] An element in technical terms 
meaning germ: written before a vowel blast-, 
also terminally -blast. 
blastocarpous (blas-to-kar'pus), a. [< Gr. Q/JI- 
<?r6f, a germ, sprout, 'shoot, sucker, equiv. to 
ffoaarriiia (see blastema), + /co/Mrof, fruit.] In 
bo t., germinating inside the pericarp: applied 
to certain fruits, such as the mangrove. 
blastocheme (blas'to-kem), w. [< Gr. /Waordf, 
germ, + l>X1^a, yenicle, < bx&v, carry, hold, 
sustain, freq. of ix etv t hold, have.] In zool., 
one of the special generative buds of the Me- 
dusa?; a medusiform planoblast which gives 
origin to the generative elements, not directly, 
but through the medium of special sexual buds 
which are developed from it. Allman. 
. blastoccele (blas'to-sel), n. [< Gr. p'Aaarof, a 
germ, + KoiAof, hollow.] In embryol., the cavity 
580 
bias' 
Free-swimming Ciliated Embryo (Plamila) of Ascttta mirabilit, 
one of the Calcispongia. outside and in optical longitudinal section. 
e, epiblast ; t, hypoblast ; v, blastocoele. 
of a vesicular morula; the hollow interior of 
a blastula or blastosphere. Bee gastrulation. 
Also blastoccelom, blastoccetoma. 
The ovum, after impregnation, becomes a morula, with 
n central cleavage-cavity, or blastoccele. 
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 106. 
blastocoelic (blas-to-se'lik), a. [< blastoccele + 
-c.] In embryol, pertaining to a blastocoele; 
contained in a blastocoele: as, a blastoccelic fluid, 
blastocoelqm, blastocoeloma (blas-to-se'lom, 
bias " to - se - 16 ' ma), n. [NL. blastocaloma, as 
blastocoele + -om.] Same as blastocoele. 
blastocolla (blas-to-kol'a), n. [NL., < Gr. 
/ttaorof, a germ, + x&Ua. glue.] The balsam 
covering the leaf-buds of some plants, as of 
Populus balsamifera. 
Itocyst (blas'to-sist), . [< Gr. /Jaaordf, a 
germ, + /ci>orif, bladder (cyst).] The germinal 
vesicle. N. E. D. See blastoderm. 
blastoderm (blas'tp-denn), n. [< Gr. /3/la<rrof, 
a germ, + dtp/m, skin : see derm.] In embryol., 
the primitive membrane or layer of cells re- 
sulting from the subdivision of the germ (the 
segmentation of the vitellus or yolk), it is further 
differentiated in all Metazoa into at least two membranes 
or cell-layers, an inner and an outer, the eudoderm and 
the ectoderm ; and still further modified in most Metazoa 
by the production of a third layer, the mesoderm, between 
the other two. The outer layer is also called epiblast ; the 
inner, hypoblast ; the middle, mesoblast. See extract un- 
der Metazoa, and cut under cyathozooul. 
blastoderma (blas-to-der'ma), n. ; pi. blastoder- 
mata (-ma-ta). [NL'.] Same as blastoderm. 
blastodermal (blas-to-der'mal), a. [< blasto- 
derm + -a?.] Same as blasto'dermie. 
blastodermata, . Plural of blastoderma. 
blastodermatie (blas"to-der-mat'ik), a. [< blas- 
toderma(t-) + -c.] Saine as blastodermic. 
blastodermic (blas-to-der'mik), a. [< blasto- 
derm + -ic.~] Of or pertaining to the blastoderm. 
Also blastodermal, blastodermatic Blastodermic 
disk, in embryol., the germ-disk of an impregnated mero- 
blastic egg which has undergone segmentation of the vitel- 
lus ; a flattened morula capping a portion of the food-yolk. 
Blastodermic membrane, the blastoderm. Blasto- 
dermic vesicle, the vesicular blastoderm in mammalian 
embryos. 
blastodisc (bias ' to -disk), n. [< Gr. /3/laordf, a 
germ, + d/raoc, a disk : see disk?] An aggrega- 
tion of formative protoplasm at one pole of the 
fertilized ovum. 
The fertilised ovum . . . consists of a ... yolk, at 
one pole of which is a mass of protoplasm forming the 
blastodisc. 
J. T. Cunningham, Microscopical Science, No. ci. 5. 
blastogenesis (blas-to-jen'e-sis), . [< Gr. 
/JAaorof, a germ, + ytveou;, generation.] In biol., 
reproduction by gemmation or budding. 
blastogeny (blas-toj'e-ni), n. [< Gr. /3/uzorof, a 
germ, + -jheta, generation: see -geny.~] The 
germ-history of an individual living organism; 
the history of the evolution of a body as a 
whole, as distinguished from histogeny and or- 
ganogeny, which relate to the special germ-his- 
tory of the tissues and organs. It is a term used 
by Haeckel for one of the subdivisions of morphogeny, it- 
self a division of ontogeny. 
blastoid (blas'toid), a. and n. [See Blastoidea.] 
I. a. Having the characters of or pertaining 
to the Blastoidca : as, a blastoid crinoid. 
II. n. An echinoderm of the group Blas- 
toidea. 
Blastoidea (blas-toi'de-ii), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. 
/3/uz<7Top, a germ, -t- etoof, form.] A group of 
fossil pelmatozoan echinoderms without arms, 
with ambulacra fringed on each side by pointed 
appendages in close relation with side-plates, 
which rest on or against a subambulacral lan- 
cet-plate pierced by a canal which lodges a 
water-vessel, and with hydrospires arranged in 
10 or 8 groups limited to the radial and inter- 
radial plates. The group was (a) originally proposed 
by Say in 1825 as a family ; (i>) accepted by Leuckart in 1848 
as an order ; (c) by Roemer in 1852 as a suborder ; (d) by 
Brown in 1860 as a class ; (e) by others as a subclass ; and 
(/) modified by Etheridge and Carpenter in 1886 as a 
class divided into two orders, Segulares and Irregulares. 
The species range from the Upper Silurian to the Car- 
boniferous. Also Blasteroidea. 
blastomere (blas'to-mer), n. [< Gr. /3/Wrdf, 
a germ, + ptpof, a part.] In embryol., one of 
the segments or derivative cells into which the 
vitellus or yolk of an ovum of one of the Meta- 
zoa divides after fecundation. See cut under 
gastrulation. 
blastomeric (blas-to-mer'ik), a. [< blastomere 
+ -ic.~\ Pertaining' to or of the nature of a 
blastomere ; characterized by segmentation of 
the yolk or vitellus. 
blastoneuropore (blas-to-nu'ro-por), n. [< 
blastp(pore) + neuropore."] A transient ori- 
fice in the embryo of some animals, resulting 
from the fusion of a neuropore with the blasto- 
pore. See neuropore. 
blastophore (blas'to-for), n. [< Gr. jUaaro^, a 
germ, + -Qopof, -bearing, < Qtpetv = E. Sear*.] 
The passive portion of a sperm-cell or spermo- 
spore which does not give rise to spermatozoa. 
blastophyllum (blas-to-fil'um), n. ; pi. blasto- 
phylla (-a). [NL., < Gr. /Waorof, a germ, + 
0M?.m> = L. folium, a leaf.] In embryol., either 
one of the two primary germ-layers of a gas- 
trula of the Metazoa; an endodenn or an ecto- 
derm. 
blastophyly (blas-tof'i-li), . [< Gr. /JXaordf, 
a germ, + (j>v?.t/, tribe.] The tribal history of 
persons or of individual living organisms. 
Haeckfl. 
blastus 
BlastopOlypidse (bias " to -po- lip' i-de), n. pi. 
[NL., < "Slastopolypus (<'Gr.'/3/.ao-rdV, a germ, + 
Kokinrovt, polyp) + -tcte.] A family of Sydro- 
polypince, f orming colonies of zooids, which at- 
tain different shapes, adapting themselves to 
different parts of the work that has to be per- 
formed by the whole. There are always alimentary 
zooids or trophosomes and generative zooids or polypo- 
styles in one colony. The alimentary zooids never mature 
the genital products, this duty devolving exclusively on 
the polypostyles. 
blastoporal (blas-to-po'ral), a. [< blastopore 
+ -a/.] Of or pertaining to a blastopore ; blas- 
toporie. 
blastopore (blas'to-por), n. [< Gr. /Wanrof, 
germ, + mipof, passage, pore.] In embryol., 
the aperture of mvagmation of a blastula or 
vesicular morula which has become a gastrula ; 
the orifice of an archenterou; the primitive 
combined mouth and anus of a gastrtea-f orm ; 
an archreostoma. See cut under gastrulation. 
As this unfolding, or invaginatipn of the blastoderm, 
goes on, the pouch thus produced increases, while its ex- 
ternal opening, termed the bloilopore, . . . diminishes in 
size. Huxley, Crayfish, p. 209. 
blastoporic (blas-to-por'ik), a. [< blastopore 
+ -jc.j Pertaining to a blastopore: as, & blas- 
toporic area. A. Hyatt. 
blast-orifice, n. See blast-nozle. 
blastospnaera (blas-to-sfe'ra), n.; pi. blasto- 
sphxra! (-re). [NL.] ' Same as blastosphere. 
blastosphere (blas'to-sfer), n. [< NL. blasto- 
sphara, < Gr. /3/kz<rrdfJ germ, + a<j>alpa, sphere.] 
In embryol.: (a) A hollow sphere (vesicular 
morula) composed of a single layer of blasto- 
meres or derivative cells, inclosing a central 
cavity or blastoCfflle. The blastomeres of one hemi- 
sphere of the vesicle may have proceeded from the macro- 
mere ; of the other, from a micromere. See these words. 
The blastomeres arrange themselves into a hollow 
sphere, the blaitosphere. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 415. 
(6) By Haeckel restricted to the {*erm-vesicle, 
vesicular embryo, or blastodermic vesicle of 
the Mammalia, which follows after gastrula- 
tion, and is called by him a gastrocystis, or in- 
testinal germ-vesicle. Also called blastula. 
blastospneric (blas-tp-sfer'ik), a. [< blasto- 
sphere + -ic.] Pertaining to a blastosphere: 
as, blastospheric cells. 
blastostylar (blas-to-sti'lar), a. [< blastostyle 
+ -ar.~\ Pertaining' to a blastostyle. 
blastostyle (blas'to-stil), n. [< Gr. /3/aordf, a 
germ, + orivlof, a pillar: see style 2 ."] In zool., 
a columniform zooid destined to give origin to 
generative buds ; a long simple zooid, without 
mouth or tentacles. Also called gonoblastidium. 
In some blastostylea, during the development of the 
buds- of the gonophores, the ectoderm splits into two 
layers. . . . Into the interspace between these two, the 
budding gonophores project, and may emerge from the 
summit of the gonangium thus formed. 
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 119. 
blast-pipe (blast'pip), n. The exhaust-pipe of 
a Steam-engine. In locomotives and in some station- 
ary steam-engines it is directed into the smoke-stack, 
with the effect of inducing a strong draft. 
blast-recorder (blast're-k&r'der), . A con- 
trivance for recording automatically the time 
during which a hot-blast stove is in blast or 
Out of blast. It is operated by clockwork, and is de- 
signed to give an uninterrupted record of the work and 
rest of a number of stoves for a week. 
blast-regulator (blast'reg /i 'u-la-tqr), n. In 
milling, a governor for controlling the blast of 
a grain-separator. 
blastula (bias 'tu- la), n. ; pi. blastula: (-le). 
[NL., dim. of Gr. /fAaorof, a germ: see blas- 
tus."] In embryol. : (a) An embryo of one of the 
Metazoa, in the stage in which it consists of 
a sac formed of a single layer of cells. (6) In 
Haeckel's vocabulary of embryology, same as 
blastosphere, (b). 
blastulapore (blas'tu-la-por), . [Prop. *blas- 
tulopore, < NL. blasiiilajq. v., + L. porus, pore.] 
The pore or orifice of a blastula. 
blastulation (blas-tu-la'shon), . [< blastula + 
-ation."\ In embryol., the process by which a 
germ becomes a blastula ; the conversion of a 
germ into a blastula. See blastula. in most ani- 
mals it precedes the process of gastrnlation (which see), 
and consists in the conversion of a solid mulberry-mass of 
cleavage-cells (morula proper) into a hollow sphere or 
blastosphere (vesicular morula). In case it follows gas- 
trulation, as in a mammal, it consists in the conversion of 
what is called a kinogenetic metajtastrula (which see) into 
a physiologically similar but morphologically different 
hollow ball, commonly known as the bl'astodermic vesicle. 
blastus (blas'tus), n.; pi. blasti (-ti). [NL., < 
Gr. jUXatrnif, a germ, bud, sprout, shoot, < PAO- 
araveiv (/JAacrr-), bud, sprout, grow, prop, of 
plants, but also of animals.] In bot., the 
plumule of grasses. 
