brain 
tissue; tho onoephalon (which see); the part of 
the c ere bro spinal axis which is contained in 
the cranium. It in divided by onatomiata Into (1) 
, nmiprisilitf the rerehnil lieniM- 
(r latfi;il li;i]\- , 
<lf till' crl'i-lil HUM 
With til*' n|f,l> t"l\ 
Inlu-s ; rj) the tlt 
I -I nt ' IK--' i'h I" ii. 
eninpri.siiiK the 
thahtini '.pliri, 
and utln-r (mrtn 
;i1i-'i]t ih. third 
ventricle; (:i) the 
mete ncejinalon, 
<t\ \\ir\ni\\x the 
uarta ahmit tho 
Sylvian uquedm-t, 
corpora quudri- 
Kt'iidim above and 
crura cerehri he- 
Inu ; (4) the </> 
fiii-i'i'hnli'ii, com- 
pn.-in- the cere- 
bellum and i.n- 
VaroW;and(..)th. 
Base of Human Brain. n'.-t,',,,;-^/,,,'. 
, frontal lol* of cerebrum ; B. temporal W**tfa oMn,, : i,t 
lobe of same, separated from A by the Syl- ta t extending fruin 
' 
657 
braird 
Inflammation of 
the latter, theme of siyht are conne. ted with the hinder brain-feVOf (bflin'fe'v^r), . Illf 
part of tin- tlmlamus. I he iiiiten are involved in the sit: it- i, . \ !,_- -, 
Function, and the tertM mm lo bw doM relations ,ti, ,"". linn "; phrenitta m.'iimgitis. 
nmii i nt. i 'ing by the auditory nerve. The ccrclx I brainge (liranj), r. i. ; pret. and pp. brainged. 
him is concerned with the coordination of muscular con 
tractions in the uarryiiiK out of voluntary actions, while 
the u led n I In ohlon^ata < untani- a lame number of centers 
for comparatively simple function*, as vasomotor action. 
c.il.lia. a. 'lion, iv-p nation, deuhltillon. etc. I see also CUt SOlneilllllg UOISIIV 
iimlei ,-i,!-r/,li,i/,,,,.) I n.m its complexity, the brain is tuu- through anger, ai 
jpr. tiritiiii/iiii/. [<'i,niii..-ti-d with hraiinji-ll, rush 
headlong; as a noun, rushing headlong, doing 
anything carelessly ; origin ulisenrc.] To do 
something noisily and lmmi-<llv. 
^urnt. [Scotch.] 
, 
vian fissure; t'C, corpus callosum its fore 
end; cA cerebellum; M, medulla oblongn- 
ta ; P, pituitary body ; /, olfactory " nerve " 
(so called rather olfactory lobe, or rhincn- 
ccphalon) ; //, optic nerve, after dccussa- 
tion with its fellow at the chiasni ; ///, motor- 
octili nerve: /A*. pathetic nerve; y t trige 
' 
pons to the 
foramen magnum. 
Th prosencepha- 
Ion is now usually 
divided into the 
v /<ii-nre],halim, or 
,,.,l-t,if.,ual nerve; fl, atxlucent ! nerve !*//. T 
r.ui.il nerve; /'///, auditory nerve ; IX, olfactory 
glos&opharyngeal nerve; .Y, pncumogastric and proscnceplia 
nerve: .ft, spinal accessory nerve; A'//, l,, n proper The 
hyiMtelossal nerve. The rounded masses thlfliiipiieeiihnlon 
near?// arc the corpora albicantia : A 7 rests : 
upon the puns Varolii. is also called ilirn 
cephalon. By Hnx- 
ley and others the cpencephalou of the above nomencla- 
ture is called mfcmigptalen, and the next segment (the 
fifth) is then named -injtelencejjhalon. Common Knulish 
eqllivalenteof the above five segments are fore-brain, 'tween- 
brain, midbrain, hiiulbrain, and afterbrain; these are 
terms translated directly from the nomenclature of the 
lierman anatomists, who call them respectively rm;!,-,- 
hirn, zvrijchenhirn, inittelhirn, hinterhirn, and nacliltiin. 
Haeckel calls them pnifupxifche, deutopayche, int'xt,p*,ii'li,', 
ntetapsyrhe, and epipnycne. These five segments are fun- 
damentally distinct, ami correspond embryologically to 
as many cerebral vesicles or brain-bladders which arise 
from three primitive vesicles by subdivision. The sim- 
plest and a common division of the brain is into the - 
rebntin or brain proper, the cerebellum or little brain, the 
JMIIIH I'arolii, and the medulla obtoiufata. (See cuts under 
cerebral and corpus.) The human brain is distinguished 
for the relatively enormous size and surface-complexity of 
the cerebrum or prosencephalon, which completely covers 
the cerebellum and olfactory lobes, and is marked by 
many deep fissures or sulci separating gyri or convolu- 
tions. The cerebrum is divided into right and left halves, 
or cerebral hemispheres, connected by the great trans* 
verse commissure or corpus callosum. Each hemisphere 
is divided into three primary lobes, frontal, parietal, and 
occipital, and many more detailed subdivisions of ita sur- 
face are recognized. The Interior of the brain (which is 
primitively hollow) is traversed in the adult by a set or 
system of connected cavities known as ventricle* or c&lia. 
The tlrst and second of these are the right and left ven- 
tricles of the hemispheres, or proccelia ; the third is the 
diacoslia ; the fourth is the epiccelia ; passages connecting 
these are the foramina of Monro and the aqueduct of Syl- 
vius. The brain and adjoining portions of the spinal cord 
give rise to 12 pairs of nerves, called cranial nerve* lw>- 
oause they emerge from foramina in the base of the skull. 
(See cranial.) Brain-substance is of two kinds, gray gan- 
glionlc or cellular nerve-tissue, and white commissural or 
llbrons nerve-tissue. The gray matter which invests the 
cerebrum and cerebellum is also called the cortical sub- 
stance, in distinction from the white or medullary sub- 
stance of the interior. \ brain is In fact a collection of 
gray ganglia united by white commissures. Besides the 
cortex, there are several ganglia or collections of gray 
matter in the interior, as the corpora striata, the optic 
thalami, the optic lobes or corpora ijuadrigcmina, the cor 
pora dentata of the cerebellum, and the eor|nira olivaria u 
the medulla ohlongata. Connected with tho brain are tw 
ally spoken of in the plural in certain relations: as, to beat hrainlsh (bra ' lli.sll), a. [< brain + -/./('. | 
2. In l'^ w ",7lH'''|!rincipal ganglion of the ner- "^strong ;. passionate; also, perhaps, .111- 
vous system, situated in the head, over tin ' 
esophagus, and formed by the coalescence of .,,.'.; -I," '"Hamlet.lv i 
several supra-esophageal ganglia. The nerve* of v _ , , ,, , . 
the eyes amfai.ten.He are din , tl> connected with it, and brainless (bran les), a. [< Mfc. brainlcs (= D. 
it i;i\e.H oil to inferior branches which surround the oreinloog); < brain + -lesg. J Weak in the brain ; 
esophagus and unite beneath in the suhesophageal gan- witless; stupid: as, "the dull brainlcrtx Ajax," 
ulion. Sometimes this Kiinglion is regarded as a nart of v'A/i/- T nnn P i ^ 
the brain, beim; distimjnished a> ii ,, while the -u_" , V m. 
principal , upper ganglion is called the cerebrlim. Drainlessness (bran'les-nes), H. The state of 
3. The same or a corresponding portion of the being brainless; lack of sense; stupidity, 
nervous system in many other invertebrates. Where indolence or brainlmnen has brought aixmt a 
4. Understanding; intellectual power; fancy; !" satisfaction. The Aaurican, vn. as. 
imagination: commonly in the plural: as, a brain-maggot (bran'mag'ot), i. Same as braix- 
man of brains; "my brain is too dull," Scott. iconii, I . 
God will be worshipped and served according to hU ?re- b , rain f> an (bran'pan), u. [< ME brain/tonne 
script word, and not according to the train of man. (= Ornes. breiniianne = MLO. brrgenpanne, 
Abp. Sandy*, Sermons, fol. 128 b. LG. bra'penuaiine); < brain + j>an. Of. equiv. 
The poison and the dagger are still at baud to butcher A8. keafotlpanne, the skull, lit. 'head-pan.'] 
a hero, when a poet wants the brain* to save him. That part OI the skull which incloses the brain ; 
Dnjden, Pref. to Don Sebastian, the cranium. 
To beat or cudgel one's brains, to try earnestly to re- 
call or think of something, or t< concentrate one's attention 
and thought upon it : as, he teat Ai> braint for a simile. 
My ijfHi'ii 
n had been cleft with a brown bill. 
Shale., 2 Hen. VI., Iv. 10. 
I learnt more from her in a flash, 
Tlian if my brainpan were an empty hull 
And every Muse tumbled a science in. 
Tennytoa, Princess, il. 
terested in or eager about something; lie over-persistent brain-racking (bran'rak'ing), a. Harassing; 
and zealous in promoting some scheme or movement : as, perplexing 
to have reform on the brain. [Colloq.] Water on the hrairi-sanrt ibriin'tmnd') Tn mint tlin , 
brain, dropsy of the brain ; hydrocephalus. Sana;, H. m anal., tne eartny 
brain (bran), v.t. [< ME. brainen, dash out the Pfticles found in the conanum or pineal 
1. To dash out the $ and ' forming the so-called aeemtlus ccrebri. 
They are minute accretions uf calcium carbonate, calcium 
phosphate, and magnesium phosphate, with some animal 
substance. 
brain-sick (bran'sik), a. Disordered in the 
understanding; fantastic; crotchety; crazed. 
Cudgel thy braiiu no more about it ; for your doll ass 
will not mend his pace with beating. Shak., Hamlet, v. 1. 
To have (something) on the brain, to be extremely in 
brains; from the noun.] 
brains of; kill by beating in the skull. 
There thou must brain him. Shak., Tempest, ill. 2. 
When Uncas had brainfd his first antagonist, he tunied 
like a hungry lion to seek another. 
r, Last of the Mohicans, ill. 
(Juicke wittes also be, in most part of all their dolngn, 
2 Figuratively to destroy; defeat; balk; ' !tie ' ^wK^he'Lc'hf.femaster, p. ss. 
thwart. [Bare.] We nave ajrejdy suffered from the misconstructions 
It was the swift celerity of his death . . . "'"' broils which seem to follow this poor lirain-nrk lady 
That brain'd my purpose. Shak., M. for M., v. 1. wherever she comes. Scott, Kenilworth, II. xviii. 
3f. To get into the brain; conceive; under- brainsickly (bran'sik-li), adv. Fantastically; 
stand. [Bare.] madly. 
T! still a dream ; or else such stuff as madmen You do unbend your noble strength, to think 
Tongue, and brain not. Skak., Cymbeline, v. 4. *> brainnckly of tilings. Shak., Macbeth, ii. i. 
brain-bladder (bran'blad'er), . In embryo!., brain-sickness (bran'sik-nes), . Disorder of 
a cerebral vesicle; one of the hollow dilated the brain; insanity. Holland. 
portions of the brain of any embryonic cranial brainstone (bran'ston), n. See brain-coral. 
vertebrate. brainstone-COral (bran'ston-kor'al), H. Same 
In all Skulled Animals, from the Cyclostomi to Man, . as ?''"'"-<'' "" a <- 
the same parts, although in very various forms, develop Drain-tnTOD (bran throb), n. The throbbing 
from these five original brain-bladdert. of the brain. 
HatcM, Evol. of Man (trans.), II. 220. brainward (bran'wilrd), adr. and n. Toward 
brain-box (bran'boks), n. The cranium proper ; or tending toward trie brain, 
the cranial part of the whole skull, containing If, from any cause, there is excessive brainwird deter- 
the brain, as distinguished from the facial parts initiation of the blood, the plethora of the capillaries gives 
of the same "^ * mcr e ast <l mental excitement. 
brain-case (bran'kas), . Same as brain-bos. 
brain-cavity (bran'kav'i-ti), H. 1. One of the brain-wave (bran wav), H. A so-called tele- 
ventricles of the brain. 2. The interior of the P at ^ c vibration supposed to be concerned 
cranium or skull, containing the brain. m tne transference of a thought from one mind 
non-nervous structures, the comiriilm or eniphysis ccrcln i 
and the pituitary body or hypophysis cereori. " The brain 
is covered by three membranes or mminffei, of which 
the external Is the dura mater, the middle the arachnoid, 
ami tlie inner the pfa mater. Stoat mammals have a brain 
like that of man. but in descending the mammalian scale 
the cerebrum becomes relatively smaller and has fewer 
if any convolutions, the corpus callosum Itecomes rudi- 
mentary, and the olfactory lobes enlarge. (Sve cuts under 
:;/;/< ami /<*.) In the brain of binls tile hemispheres 
are smooth, there is no corpus callosum or pons \arolii, 
and I lie optic lobes n< of immense size. There is no brain 
in the lowest vertebrate, -I i// iJi <<t.rtix. The average weight 
of the bruin in adult males of the European type is alxillt 
1,400 yrams ( t'.i.;, ounces); in women about l,2. r >0 grams 
(44 ounces). The brain is in its highest activity the orgnn 
of consciousness or mind, and its general function is that 
of furnishing the most complex ami extensive outgoing 
stimulation of muscles and oilier active tissues as u re 
spouse, more or less immediate, to the must i nmjilex ami 
extensive incoming sensory stimulation, \\ith functions 
of this high decree of complexity are associated in .some 
parts much simpler functions resemblim; those of the spi 
nal cord. The cortex of the cerebral hemispheres is the 
portion of the bruin in which the most complex coordina- 
tions seem to lw effected, and which is most directly in 
volved in mental acts. Certain parts of the cortex 'an. 
however, peculiarly related to certain special incom 
outuoimr stimulation-, ami are called senson or motor 
centers. (See cerebral, and cerebral localization, under lo- 
calizatioii.) The corpus striatum is usually regarded as 
especially concerned with stimulations passing downu ard. 
and the optic thalamus with those passing upward : among 
brain-coral (bran'kor'al), N. The popular 
name of coral of the genus Meandrina : so called 
because it 
resembles in 
its superfi- 
cial appear- 
ance the con- 
volutions of 
(he human 
brain. The ge- 
nus is of the 
family Meandri- 
/,."''., !>elong- 
ins; to the ;l]H> Brain coral (.Mtan4rma ccntriform 
rose division of 
stone-corals. Also called l,,;tinxt,nir and braiiutone^xiral. 
stone-corals. Also called In-aiiuttonr and braiiutoite^vral. ofcomprebension 
brained (brand), . [< brai,i + -rf2.] 1. Fur- bralrd ^ brgrd)i .' 
iiishe.1 with brains: used chiefly in composi- ; 
tion: as,crack-fcrierf; terebra,,,,,!. 
to another by other than physical means of 
communication . 
Such expressions as drnm-iraw (Kuowles). mentlferolls 
ether (Maudsley), . . . testify to this natural though pre- 
mature desire to ticket or identify a force which . . . 
cannot at present lw correlated with nerve-force. 
Proc. Soc. />*. Kfnearch, Oct. 1888, p. 178. 
brain-work (bran'werk), ii. Intellectual labor ; 
cerebration. 
brain- worm (brau'werm), . 1. A worm in- 
festing or supposed to infest the brain. Also 
called brain-maggot. 2. The vermis of the 
cerebellum. 
brainy (bra'ni), . [< brain + -y 1 .] Having 
a good brain ; intelligent ; sharp-witted ; <juii<k 
If the other two be brained like us. the state totters. 
Shot., Tempest, iii. i 
< AS. brord, a 
point, blade of grass (see brad); but the form 
depends rather upon ME. brerd, < AS. brerd, 
kreord, (Worth, breard, edge, brink, = OHG. 
lirort, edge, etc. ; prob. connected with AS. 
2. [Pp. of brtiiii, r.] Having the brains knocked brord, a point.] A grain-crop when it first 
or dashed out; killed by a blow which breaks makes ita appearance above ground. [Scotch.] 
tin 1 skull. The bminl of the Lord, that begins to rise so green in 
brain-fag (b ran 'fag). ". Mental fatigue or ex- the land, will grow in |>ece to a plentiful harvest Gait. 
Imustion. as from overwork. braird (brfird), r. i. [< braird, .] To spring 
In state, of e\ti cm, -I,,-,,;,,!,,,, the horizon is narrowed "!> as < >( ''ls: slm.it forth from the earth, as 
,iim,.,t to the p;uwing onl. JHni,VLW, grain ; germinate. [Scotch.] 
