1. Thn third letter and sec- 
ond consonant in the Eng- 
lish, as in n"tteral in the other 
alphabets derived from the 
I'hcniciaii. The value of the sign, 
however, in Phenician as in Greek, 
wa.s that of a hard g (in go, five) ; 
and so :il -> originally in Latin, be- 
side the sij;ii A'. which had tlie proper 
(-omul, lint (lie Luting (rave up for a time the written 
distini-tiiin of the i-soiind from the (/-sound, wrlthiK both 
with the same character, C ; and when later they readopted 
the iii-tmi'iii.n. iu-ti ail of i , , I ii . 'i i !_ r tn it-8 original value. 
ami restoring i, they retained the fc-value for the C, ami 
ailili-l a tag to the game character for the </-Koimd, thus 
tuniinn (' into '/. The comparative table of forms, like 
that given for the other letters (compare A and D), is aa 
follows : 
SSL 
Plienl- 
cian. 
Early 
Greek and Latii 
Great as is the apparent difference Iwtwcen Greek r 
and our C, it is due only to a shifting of the position of 
the angle mnde by the two component lines, anil the 
rounding of this angle. The hard or i-sound which be- 
longed to this character in early Latin belonged to it also 
in Anglo-Saxon (which, like (.at in, niude little or no use of 
*). Hut this /(--sound, as being a guttural or back-palatal 
mute, is particularly likely to be shifted forward along the 
tongue and to be changed into front-palatal and sibilant 
sounds, espceially before Vowels like e, i, )(, which favor 
the front palatal position. Hence it comes that e, still so 
written, is pronounced as * in English l)efore t, f, ?/, and 
elsewhere as Ic. Hut this " soft" or sibilant c belongs to 
the French purt of our language ; the Anglo-Saxon r, when 
softened, gets the sound usually represented in English 
by .'A, and is so written: for example, in chicken, cheese 
church, birch, teach. (See ch, and aaitibilnt ion.) No won! 
containing c pronounced * is of Anglo-Saxon origin, ex- 
cept a few misspelled, as cinder for Kinder, and once, twice, 
etc., pence, mice, etc., having -ce for original -, -#. (See 
!.) For the sounds of ch, see eh. 
2. As a numeral, in the Roman system, C stands 
for 100, and is repeated up to CCCC, 400 (fol- 
lowed by D, 500). This symbol, originally 0, that is, 
the Greek theta (8), was afterward reduced to C and un- 
derstood to stand for ceiUum, a hundred. 
3. As a symbol: (a) In miwic: (1) Used In English 
and German to designate the key-note of the natural 
scale. See natural and ncalc. (2) When placed on the 
statf immediately after the clef, a sign of common time, 
eaeh measure eontiiining 4 quarter notes or their equiva- 
lent. When a vertical line is brawn through it, it indi- 
cates alia breve time, each measure containing 2 or 4 half 
notes, played more quickly than in common time. (3) On 
the keyboard of the organ or pianoforte, the white key or 
.lijial next to the left of each group of two black keys. 
The middle C of the keyboard is a usual starting-point In 
the reckoning of both keys, tones, and notes; it is also 
known as alto C.nrc"; the next C below is called tenorC, 
or c; the second C below, battg c, or C; and the next C 
above, trelile C, or c", etc. The present pitch of inii/ill'' 
C is from li.M) to 265 vibrations per second ; it is often 
theoretically lived in Germany at 264, in England at 256, 
and in France at 251. Aliout 1700 it was actually about 
240, and in recent times as high as 275. The major scale 
of C, because it comprises all the white keys and none of 
the black ones, is taken as the normal or standard scale 
of the keyboard. ('/) In the mnemonic names of moods 
of syllogism, the symbol of reduction per impostibile. (c) 
In math., C is used to denote a constant of integration. 
See also A, 2 (c), (d), (). (<0 In chem,, the symbol for 
carbon. 
4. As an abbreviation, c. or C. stands, in dental 
formulas of zoology (c.), for canine tooth; in 
United States money (c. ), for cent ; in thermom- 
eter-readings (''.), for centigrade; in French 
money (c.), fur ci-utime; in references (c.), for 
chapter (or Latin en pi lulu in); in dates, before 
the number (c.), for Latin circn, about; in me- 
teorology (c.), for cirrus; in a ship's log-book 
(c.), for cloittli/ ; and in measures of volume (c.), 
for cuhic. Middle C, in marie, the note on the first 
leger-line above the bass or below the treble staff. (See 
0*1,0.1 (ka), r. [So,, = E. ealft; so a', fa', 
foil, 'on, etc., for E. all, full, full, wool, etc.] 
A Scotch contraction of call 1 . 
ca'-', ca'-, caa (ka), r. t. [Prob. < Gael, cnlc 
= Ir. calcam, drive with a hammer, calk: see 
cu/A' 1 .] To drive: impel; push: knock: as, to 
ca' a man ower (over). [Scotch.] 
But ''! them nut tn park or hill, 
And let them wander at their will. 
Burn*, Death of Mailie. 
Ca' canule. N e canny. 
ca :! , ka (ka.), r. t. [Appar. a particular use, 
with only phrasal meaning, of en- or ca 1 : gee 
def.] A word of no definite individual mean- 
ing, occurring in the proverbial phrase ca me, 
ca thee (now also elate me, claw tliee), help (or 
serve) me and I'll help you. 
Ca me, ca '/<> : conceule this from my wife, 
And I'll keep all thy knauery from thine vncle. 
T. llcywood, If you Know not me, 11. 
Cft*t, n. See eoe 1 . 
ca 6 (kil), . A Babylonian measure of capacity, 
identified with the Hebrew bath or ephah. 
Oa. In chem., the symbol for calcium. 
ca. In dates, a contraction of Latin circa, about : 
as, ca. 1300, about 1300. 
0. A. An abbreviation of chief accountant, of 
controller of accounts, and in Great Britain of 
chartered accountant. 
Caaba, . See Kaaba. 
caaing- whale (ka'ing-hwal), n. [Sc., < caaing (< 
c 2 , caa, drive) + whale ; because these whales 
can be driven like cattle.] A large round- 
headed cetacean, Globiccphalu* svineval, of the 
family Delphinidte, resembling a porpoise in 
form, but of greater dimensions than those 
usually attained by the dolphin family, some- 
times reaching a length of upward of 20 feet. 
It especially resort* to the shores of the Orkney, Shetland, 
and Faroe islands, Iceland, etc., appearing in herds of from 
100 to 1,000 individuals. Though closely related to the kill- 
ers of the genus Orca, caaing-whales are timid anil inoffen- 
sive, feeding on small fish, mollusks, and especially ccpha- 
lopods. Also easily-whole. 
caama (kii'ma), n. 1. A name of a small South 
African fox, Vulpes caama. 2. A name of a 
large bubaline antelope, Alcelaphux caama, the 
hartbeest. 
caast, . A Middle English form of case 1 . 
cab 1 (kab), n. [Short for ctibriolet, q. v.] 1. 
A hackney carriage with either two or four 
wheels, drawn by one horse; a cabriolet. 
A cab came clattering up. Thackeray. 
With great difficulty Messrs. Bradshaw A Rotch (the lat- 
ter a mrnilier of Parliament) obtained licences for eight 
cabriolets In 1823, and started them at fares one third 
lower than those of hackney coaches. The new vehicles 
were hooded chaises, drawn by one horse, and carrying 
only one passenger besides the driver, who sat in the cah- 
riolet (or, as more commonly called for brevity, the cab) 
with his fare. . . . The name cab is still commonly ap- 
plied to all hackney carriages drawn by one horse, whether 
on two or four wheels. Penny Cife. 
2. The hooded or covered part of a locomotive, 
which protects the engineer and fireman from 
the weather. [U. S.] 
cab 1 (kab), t 1 . t.: pret. and pp. cabbed, ppr. 
cabbing. [< cabi, .] To pass over in a cab: 
as, to cab the distance : often used with an in- 
definite it: as, I'll cab it to Whitehall. [Col- 
loq., Eng.] 
cab- (kab), n. Any sticky substance. [Prov. 
Eng.] 
cab^ (kab), . [Appar. abbr. of cabal 1 .'] A 
small number of persons secretly united in the 
performance of some undertaking. Hattiwell. 
[Prov. Eng.] 
cab 4 , kab (kab), . [= Gr. Ka,iof, LL. Mfcw, 
< Heb. and Chal. kab, a hollow, < kabab, hol- 
low out.] A Hebrew measure of capacity, 
for both dry and liquid matter, it was equal to 
2.021 liters, or 4f United States pint*. Other statements 
appear to be due to confusion of different measures by 
Greek metrologists ; but a ftreat cab, of $ the ordinary 
size, is mentioned in the Talmud. 
They besieged it [Samaria] until an ass's head wa sold 
for fourscore pieces of silver, and the fourth part of a cab 
of dove's dung for five pieces of silver. 2 Ki. vi. 85. 
The measuring of the temple, a eulial found out hut 
lately. /'. .lantm. 
3. Conjoint intrigue ; secret artifices of a few 
persons united in some design: as, "curs'd 
women," bryden. 
cab 5 (kab), n. See 
caba (kab'a), . Same as cabas, 2 and 3. 
cabackt, " [Buss, kabakii.'] A tavern; pot- 
house; dram-shop. [Russian.] 
cabaged (ka-bajd ), a. Same as caboshcd. 
cabal 1 (ka-bal'), M. [= D. kabaal = G. cabalc 
= Dnn. kiihtilr = Sw. kabal, a cabal (defs. 3 and 
4), < F. cnlxili = Sp. nibala = Pp. It. cabala, an 
intrigue, a cabal, me cabala: see cabala.'] If. 
The cabala (which see-). 2f. Aseeret. [Rare.] 
Ttf 
t'enturies glide away In the same unvaried round of 
cabal* at court. Brougham. 
4. A number of persons united in some close 
design, usually to promote their private views 
in church or state by intrigue ; a junto. The 
name of " the Cabal " was given to an unpopular ministry 
of Charles II., consisting of Clifford, Ashley, liuekinghuni. 
Arlington, and Land, nl.ile, the Initials of whose names 
happened to compose the word. 
These ministers were therefore emphatically called the 
Cabal; and ... it has never since their time l>een used 
except as a term of reproach. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., II. 
= Syn. 4. Combination, Party, Faction, Cabal. Camarilla, 
Junta. Combination is the most general of these words, 
but it expresses least of periuanenee in organization ; it 
often denotes the union for special ends of individuals or 
parties otherwise antagonistic : as, the Democrats and 
Greenhackers entered into a combination tit secure the 
election. A party Is strictly a more close and permanent 
union of individuals, organized to promote certain prin- 
ciples or common Interests wliich they consider of fun- 
damental importance: as, the Low Church party, the 
Kepiibliraii party; but the term is more loosely used 
where organization is wanting : as, the Free-trade party. 
Cotnlrinatwn and party may express that which is entirely 
reputable ; the other words are chiefly unfavorable in their 
signification. A faction is commonly a section of a party ; 
it is generally a comparatively small nnmlier of Individ- 
uals, whose principles and objects are often of a captious, 
frivolous, or selfish nature, but advocated so persistently 
as to be annoying, and with so little regard to the general 
interest as sometimes to be dangerous. Cabal and junto 
express a union less comprehensive than party or even 
faction ; the intrigues of a cabal or junto are usually eon- 
ducted mainly for the jiersonal aggrandizement of it.- mem- 
bers. Junto has almost entirely given place to cabal in 
modern use. A camarilla is a more or less united body of 
secret counselors of a ruler, acting generally In opiN>sitiun 
to his official advisers, and constituting a " power behind 
the throne." 
After numerous aln>rtive attempts and unsuccessful 
coinbinatwn* in which Newcastle liore the chief part, it 
became evident . . . that the union ... of Newcastle 
. . . and Pitt was absolutely necessary. 
Lecky, Eng. In 18th Cent., vlli. 
If I could not go to heaven but with a jtarty, I would 
not go there at all. Therefore I protest to you I am not 
of the party of federalists. 
Jfffcrgun, Correspondence, II. 439. 
By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whe- 
ther amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, 
who are united and actuated by some common impulse 
of passion, or of Interest, adverse to the rights of other 
citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of 
the community. Madigon, Federalist, No. 10. 
In a simple monarchy, the ministers of state can never 
know their friends from their enemies ; secret cabalt 
undermine their influence and blast their reputation. 
J. Adamt, Works, IV. 289. 
cabal 1 (ka-bal'), r. i. ; pret. and pp. caballed, 
ppr. caballing. [< cabalf, .] To form a cabal; 
intrigue conjointly ; unite in secret artifices to 
effect some design. 
Base rivals, who true wit and merit hate, 
Caballiny still against it with the great. 
Dryden, Art of Poetry'. Iv. 972. 
It [pride] may prevent the nobles from caballina with 
the people. J. Adam*, Works, IV. 896. 
cabal' 2 t, " [Also written caball : = F. cheral = 
Pr. cavalh = Cat. caball = Sp. calialto = Pg. It. 
carallo, a horse, < L. caballug (> Gr. Ka/ia/^c), 
an inferior horse, a pack-horse, nag; later, in 
general sense (superseding L. eqitux), a horse. 
Hence ult. (from L.) cape/ 1 , chr-ral. cliiral, cara- 
lier, cheralier, cai-nln/. chiralry, etc.] A horse. 
cabala, kabala (kab'a-lii), n. [ML. cabbala (It. 
Pg. cabala = Sp. edlx'tltt = F. cabale = G. Dan. 
Sw. kabbala), a transcription of Heb. ijatiluiiiili. 
reception, the cabala or mvsterious doctrine re- 
ceived traditionally. < qdbal, receive, take, in 
the Piel conjugation iiiboel, receive (a doctrine). 
Hence cnftn/ 1 !] 1. The theospphy or myMie 
philosophy of the Hebrew religion, which grew 
up mainly after the beginning of the tenth cen- 
tury, and" flourished for many generations. The 
cabala employed itself first in a mystic explanation of 
Deity and cosmogony, and in the creation i.f hidden mean- 
ings for the sacred Hebrew writings, thus drawing into its 
province all the Hebrew law and philosophy. Later cab- 
alists pretended to find wonderful meanings even in the 
