calcine 
II. intniim. 'I'o lie converted into a powder 
or friable substance, or into a calx, by the ac- 
tion of heat. 
This crystal Is a pellucid fliwlle stone, ... In a very 
strong li>-:ii <<>},!, ,,n'i without fusion. \. "'"//, optickw. 
calciner (kal'si-uer or kal-si'ner), . 1. One 
who ciileines. 2. An oven or a furnace for 
calcining nrrs. See nilfini; i-. I. 
calcinize (kul'si-ni/,), c. [< calcine + -o-.J 
Same as cal<-im; 
Ood's dread wrath, which quick doth calcinize 
The marble mountains, anil tin 1 orean rh j, - 
Xiilr. .,!,;: The Trophies, 1. 1200. 
Calciphora (kal-sit"o-rii), . /)/. [NL., neut. pi. 
ot OMOiphomt ' SIM- caleiphornux.] A section of 
decapod (libranchiate ('ci>lialiii>da, having the 
internal shell calcareous. They are mostly extinct, 
as the futnily ll<'/'-initi<l{r t hut are still represented ly 
living forms, as the uetiera Spirilla and .sv;n<i. Th term 
is contrasted with Chomlrophora. 
calciphorous (kal-sif" o-rus), a. [< NL. eu/Vv>//- 
riM,< L. calx (cale-), 1'irae, + Gr. -^opof, < ttpttv 
= E. 6crl. Cf. ralcoplioroiiK, calciferous.] Hav- 
ing the internal shell calcareous ; of or pertain- 
ing to tlie Culi-i/iliiira. 
Calcispongiae (kal-si-spon'ji-e), n. pi. [NL., < 
L. calx (cale-), lime, + spongia, a sponge.] A 
group of the I'orifera or Sponyue, among which 
are representatives of the most primitive or 
fundamental type of poriferal structure; the 
chalk-sponges. They have M.J lihiiiiu skeleton, but al- 
ways possess an oxoskeleton composed of numerous spir- 
illa, hardened by deposits of carlioliate of lime in roiteen 
trie layers about an axis or basis of animal substance. 
They are usually if not always hermaphrodite, producing 
both ova and spermatozoa from modified cells of the en- 
doderm; Impregnation and early embryonic stages of 
development are carried on while the ova remain in the 
body of the parent. In a wider sense, the Calcinpongiir 
include the physemarlans as well as the olynthians, and 
are primarily divided into the two orders I'hytemaria and 
Olynthoidea. The former consists of the genera Hati/ilm- 
seina and Ga*trophyneina; the latter Is divided into four 
suborders, Asconen, Syconen, Leucoiir*, and Pharetronex. 
They are also called Calcarea, and are differently divided 
under that name. 
calcispongian (kal-si-spon'ji-an), a. and n. I. 
a. Of or pertaining to the Cal'cispoiiffue. 
H. n. One of the Calci/tpongia- ; a chalk- 
sponge: as, "an intrusive ealcisi>ongiaii," A. 
Hyatt. 
calcite (kal'sit), . [< L. calx (cale-), lime, + 
-te 2 .] Native calcium carbonate, or carbonate 
of lime, one of the commonest of minerals, it 
occurs in a great variety of crystalline forms, rhoinbohe- 
drons, scalenohedrons, etc. ; the fundamental form lieiiig 
a rhomhohcdron with a terminal angle of 106% parallel to 
which the crystallized mineral has highly perfect rleav- 
age, so that a mass of it breaks up with a blow into a 
great number of small rhombohedrons. The transparent 
colorless variety is called Iceland *i>ar or ilottMit refract- 
ing Hpar, and is used for the prisms of polariscoiies. /> "/ 
tooth tpar is a variety in acute scalenohedral crystals. 
Satin-spar is a flbrous, and argentine a pearly lamellar va- 
riety ; the granular, compact, or cryptocrystalline varie- 
ties constitute marble, limestone, chalk, etc. Stalactites 
and stalagmites are forms deposited in limestone caves ; 
calc-sinter, calc-tuff, or travertin is a porous deposit from 
springs or rivei-s which in flowing through limestone nicks 
have become charged with calcium carbonate. Agaric 
mineral, or rock-milk, is a soft white variety easily cruni- 
iilnl in tlir lingers; it Is sometimes deposited in caverns. 
(See cut under apar.) 
calcitic(kal-sit'ik),. [<calcitc + -ic.~\ Pertain- 
ing to or formed of calcite: as, calcitic cement. 
1'nder atmospheric influences, the aitntic cement ap- 
pears to be replaced by one which is in large part sili- 
ceous. Science, IV. 71. 
calcitrant (kal'si-trent), a. [< L. calcitran(t-)s, 
ppr. of calcitrarc, kick: see calcitratc.] Kick- 
ing; refractory. 
calcitrate (kai'si-trat), v. t. [< L. calci/nitii.t. 
pp. of ralcitrare, kick, < call- (cale-), the heel. 
Cf. recalcitrant.] To kick. [Rare.] 
calcitration (kal-si-tra'shon), n. [< mil itrnti- 
+ -ion.] The act of kicking. See recalcitra- 
tion. [Bare.] 
The birtli of the child is caused partly by its calcitration 
breaking the membranes in which it 1Mb, 
AVv.<. Arrana MieroeMstni, p. .v_'. 
calcium (kal'si-um), n. [NL., < L. calx (cale-), 
lime: see calx 1 and chnllc.] 1. Chemical sym- 
bol, Ca ; atomic weight. 40. A metal having a 
light-yellow color and brilliant luster, about as 
hard as gold, very ductile, and having a specific 
gravity of about 1.57. It oxidizes readily in moist air, 
and at a red heat burn* vividly, forming calcium oxid, CaO. 
or quicklime, one of the alkaline earths. On adding water 
this forms ealrium by. Irate. CafllllV;. or slaked lime. Cal- 
einiii is not found native in the metafile state, but it unites 
with all the non-metallic elements to form coiniouuils 
which are widely distributed in nature and cxtcnsiveh 
used. The mineral calcite. all limestone or tnarMr. nn.l 
tlie chalk deposits are calcium carbonate; gypsum is cal- 
cium sulphate; and calcium also enters into tlu rom]><> 
sition of nearly all tin' native sili. atcs. 
2. A calcium light. [Colloq.] Calcium light, a 
\ery intense white light produced by turning two stream- 
7til 
of gas, one of oxygen and tlie other of hydrogen, in a state 
of ignition, u]Kin a hall nf lime, raptain llrlilnniotid, the 
inventor, proposed the use of this light in lighthouses. 
Another light, previously Invented i-> : em- 
ployed in geodctirnl surveys when It was remilrcd to oh- 
the angles subtended between distant stations at 
night. The light wa produced by placing a ball or dish 
of lime in the focus of a paraliolic mirror at the station to 
IK' rendered visible, ami directing upon it, through a flame 
arising from alcohol, a stream of oxygen gas. Also called 
/, I/,' ::,,!,:, I: -/,/, li://,!, I i MrbttU-li'jht , Will 
lilt . 
calcivorous (kal-siv'o-rus), . [< L. calx (cale-), 
lime, + rorarr, eat: see nirtn-iium, and ef. cnl- 
I'n'iilr. } Living upon limestone : applied to cer- 
tain lichens. 
calclet, ''. t. See caleule. 
calcographer (kal-kog'ra-fer), n. [< calcogra- 
//i'/ + -er 1 .] One who practises calcography. 
calcographical (kal-ko-graf'i-kal), a. [< i-i'il- 
cngra/iln/ 4- -ical.] Pertaining to calcograpby. 
calcography (kal-kog'ra-fi), M. [< L. 000 
(cale-), nine, + Or. -yoofM, < y/m^riv, write.] 
The art of drawing with black or colored chalks 
or pastels. 
calcophorous (kal-kof'o-rus), a. [< NL. calco- 
phorus, < L. calx (cale-), lime. + Or. -^opof, < ft- 
PFIV = E. bear 1 . Prop, caldjeroug, q. v.] Pro- 
ducing or containing lime ; calcigerous : as, the 
calcophorovg tubules of bone (also called cana- 
calc-sinter (kalk'sin'ter), n. [< G. kalk-sinter, 
< l-alk (< L. calx, cale-), lime, + itinter, a stalac- 
tite : see sinter.] Travertin, or calcareous tufa, 
the material deposited from water holding lime 
in solution. See travertin. 
calc-spar (kalk'spar), n. [< L. calx (cale-), 
lime, + /jrl. Cf. calc-inter.] A name ap- 
plied to any of the very numerous crystallized 
and cleavable varieties of calcite; calcareous 
spar. 
calc-tuff (kalk'tuf), M. [< L. calx (cale-), lime. 
+ tuff.] An alluvial formation of calcium car- 
bonate. See calcite. 
calculability (kal*ku-la-bil'i-ti), H. The quali- 
ty of being calculable ;" capability of being cal- 
culated. 
We have structures or machines In which systematic 
action is the object aimed at. ... The solar system, a 
timepiece, a steam-engine at work, are examples of such 
machines, and the characteristic of all such Is their col- 
(viability. B. Steirart, Conserv. of Energy, p. 158. 
calculable (kal'ku-la-bl), a. [= F. calculable, 
< L. as if 'calciilabilis, (. calculare : see calcu- 
late, v.] 1. Capable of being calculated or es- calculating kal'ku-la-ting), p. a [Ppr. of </- 
timated; ascertainable by calculation or esti- ' te . r -l 6 . lven to forethought amf calcula- 
mation. 
calculation 
This letter was admirably calculated to work on those 
to whom it was addressed. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xvlli. 
4. To purpow ; intend; design: as, he calculates 
to do ft; he calculates to go. [Local, U. H.] 
5. To think; guess. [Colloq., NewEng.]=gyn. 1 
and 2. (''llctilate, t'oitijiiite, Herkmi, Count. Ctilcvlate ap- 
plies to the most elaborate and varied mathematical pro- 
cesses. : as, to calculate an eclipse or a nativity. Oi/v"'' 
Is more applicable to the simpler processes : as, to com- 
/'"' the interest on a note. Hut inathematlrians make 
Hie opposite distill, tion; in their language, In compute 
means to make elaborate emulation* with the art of a 
IKTSOII trained to this bllsi . Is essentially tl.> 
name as cumuute, but may be simpler yet : as, to reckon 
interest, or the amount of a bin, or the days to a coming 
' \-iit. To count Is to reckon one by one. The figurative 
uses of these words are not suggested by any comparison 
nf their literal meanings; In them all some mental esti- 
mate may be supposed to be made, akin to an arithmeti- 
cal process. "I reckon that the sufferings of this present 
time are not worthy to he compared with the glory which 
shall lie revealed in us." Rom. vill. 18. The use of calcu- 
late for reckon In such a case as this ls an Americanism, 
" I count not myself to have apprehended." Phil. Ill IX 
/; (/! may lie used In such a connection, but not the 
other two words. 
When they come to model heaven 
And calculate the stars. Milton, V. L., viii. HO. 
After Its own law and not by arithmetic is the rate of 
Its (the soul's] progress to be computed. 
Kmertm, Essays, lit ser., p. 24. 
He presently confided to me, . . . that, judging from 
my personal appearance, he should not have thought me 
the writer that he in his generosity reckoned me to be. 
0. W. Holme*, Old Vol. of Life, p. 86. 
Honour and pleasure both are In thy mind, 
And all that in the world Is counted good. 
.Sir J. Dnrien, Immortal, of Soul, xxxlv. 
II. intrant. 1. To make a computation ; ar- 
rive at a conclusion after weighing all the cir- 
cumstances ; form an estimate ; reckon : as, we 
calculate better for ourselves than for others; 
to calculate on (that is, with expectation of) 
fine weather. 
The strong passions, whether good or bad, never calcu- 
late. F. W. Robertoon. 
2f. To speculate about future events ; predict. 
Old men, fools, and children calctilate. Shak., 3. C,, L S, 
3. To suppose or believe, after deliberation; 
think; 'guess'; 'reckon': as, you are wrong 
there, I calculate. [Colloq., New Eng.] 
calculate! (kal'ku-lat), . [< calculate, v.] Cal- 
culation. 
Nor were these brothers mistaken In their calculate*. 
for the event made good all their prognostics. 
Roger North, Examen, p. 604. 
The . . . operation of various forces visible and calcn- 
lalile. Anfifil, Channel Islands, p. 24. 
The vicissitudes of language are, thus, a thing over 
which our volitions rarely have a calculable, control. 
F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. ISO. 
2. That may be counted or reckoned upon: 
applied to persons. 
calculary (kal'ku-la-ri), H. and a. [< L. calcii- 
larittK, lit. pertaining to a pebble, found only in 
the secondary sense of ' pertaining to calcula- 
tion,' < calculus, a pebble, also calculation: see 
calculus, calculate, r.] I. . ; pi. calculates 
(-riz). 1. In bot., a congeries of little stony 
knots often found in the pulp of the pear and 
other fruits, formed by concretions of the sap. 
2. In ]iathi>l., a calculus. 
II. a. Tin med., relating to or of the nature 
of calculi; arising from calculi or gravel. 
calculate (kal'ku-lat), r. ; pret. and pp. calcu- 
lated, ppr. calculating. [< L. calculatiia, pp. of 
ealculare (> ult. ME. calctilcn, calclen: see cal- 
eule, r.), reckon, orig. by means of pebbles, < cn/- 
culux, a pebble : see calculus.] I. trims. 1. To 
ascertain by computation ; compute ; reckon up 
arithmetically or by items : as, to calculate in- 
terest, or the cost of a house. 
A cunning man did calculate my birth, 
And told me that by water I should die. 
Star., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1. 
2. To make an estimate of; compute by weigh- 
ing related facts or circumstances in the mind : 
as. to calculate chances or probabilities. 3. 
To fit or prepare by the adaptation of means 
to the end; make suitable ; plan : generally in 
the perfect participle, and frequently (though 
improperly) in the sense of fitted, without any 
thought of intentional adaptation. 
He does not think the Church of England so narrowly 
calculates! that it cannot fall in with any regular species 
of government. Nwi/f, Sentiments of a Ch. of Eng. Man, li. 
Religion ... is ... calculated for our benefit. 
nawnn. 
There is no human invention so aptly ralrnl<t/-'il for the 
forming a free-born people as that of a theatre. 
Steele, Taller, So. 1B7. 
tion; especially, given to looking ahead with 
thoughtful regard to self-interest; deliberate 
and selfish; scheming. 
With his cool calculating disposition, he easily got the 
better of his ardent rival. Godwin, St. Leon. 
calculating - machine (kal ' ku - la - ting - ma - 
shen ), n. Any machine which performs nu- 
merical calculations. The principal kinds are: (a) 
Multiplying and dividing machines, (b) l>ifference-en- 
glues, which calculate and print tables from the Initial 
values of the tabular numt>er and its first, second, etc., 
lilt. -retires. The tlrst of these was that of Babbage, of 
which the Schcutz machine, now at the Albany observa- 
tory, Is a modification, (c) The analytical engine of Bab* 
luge, which was designed to calculate and print tables of 
a function from constants, but was never actually con- 
structed. ('') Tide-predicting machines, of which senial 
have been constructed, with one of which, that of Ferrel, 
the regular tide-tables published by the Vnited States 
Coast .Survey are now computed, (c) Machines for Inte- 
grating differential equations, though thene are rather In- 
struments than machines. (/) Logical machines, for de- 
ducing conclusions from premises. There are also impor- 
tant Instruments for performing calculations, which are 
not usually called machines. Such are tlie abacus, the 
celestial globe, and Hill's machine for predicting eclipses 
and occnltations, used In the calculation of the American 
ephemerls. (See cut under abacut.) There are also various 
calculating-scales, such as Napier's bones. Many of these 
devices are of considerable utility, such as Air) s stick fur 
gaging cylindrical vessels, and the gagers' rod. Some in- 
struments perform calculations sulttldiary to the process 
of measurement, as the planinteter. 
calculation (kal-ku-la'shon), n. [< ME. calcn- 
lacion, -tion, < L. calculatio(n-), < calculare, 
reckon: see calculate, r.] 1. The act of calcu- 
lating ; the art, practice, or manner of comput- 
ing by numbers : reckoning ; computation : as, 
to find a result by calculation ; the calculation 
was a difficult one. 
In rigorous- logic, and by calculation carried far enough, 
the time must come when the dead in our country will 
outnumber ami dispossess the living. 
W. R. Ong, Misc. Essays, 1st ser., p. 106. 
Whenever we term arithmetic the science of calculation, 
we in fact allude to that rudimental period of the science 
of numbers when pebbles (calculi) were used, as now among 
savages they often are. to facilitate the practice of count- 
ing. Abp. Trench, study of Words, p. 128. 
2. A series of arithmetical processes leading to 
a certain result. 3. An estimate formed in the 
