calculation 
mind by comparing the various circumstances 
and facts which bear on the matter in hand. 
The lazy gossips of the port, 
Abhorrent of a calculation erost, 
Began to chafe as at a personal wrong. 
Tennyson, Enoch Arden. 
4. The habit of forming mental estimates ; a 
trait or an element of intellectual character 
which shows itself in the habit of formulating 
and revolving schemes in the mind, or forecast- 
ing the progress or results of an undertaking. 
Calculation might come to value love for its profit. 
Emermn, Essays, 1st ser., p. 216. 
Every virtue may take two shapes, the one lower and 
the other higher ; for every virtue may spring from calcu- 
lation, and on the other hand every act of virtue may be a 
religious act arising out of some worship or devotion of 
the soul. J. It. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 159. 
= Syn. 4. Deliberation, circumspection, wariness, lore- 
thought, prudence. 
calculative (kal'ku-la-tiv), a. [< calculate H 
-i IT.] Pertaining to calculation ; involving cal- 
culation. 
Long habits of calculative dealings. 
Burke, Popery Laws. 
calculator (kal'ku-la-tor), 11. [L. (> ME. eal- 
kelatour), < calculare, calculate : see calculate, 
.] 1. One who calculates, computes, or reck- 
ons. 2. One who estimates or considers the 
force and effect of causes with a view to form 
a correct estimate of the effects. 
Ambition is no exact calculator. 
Burke, Duration of Parliaments. 
3. A calculating-machine. 4. A form of or- 
rery invented by Ferguson. 
calculatory (kal'ku-la-to-ri), a. [< L. calcula- 
torius,< calculator :' see calculator.] Belonging 
to calculation. Sherwood. 
calculet (kal'kul), . [< F. calcul, < L. calculus, 
reckoning : see calculate, v.] A reckoning ; com- 
putation. 
The general calcule . . . exceeded eight millions. 
Hoicell, Vocall Forrest. 
calculet, " t. [ME., also calculen, calclen, < OF. 
calculer, F. calculer = Sp. Pg. caleular = It. 
ealeulare, < L. calculare, reckon, calculate: see 
calculate, r.] To calculate ; reckon : used espe- 
cially with reference to astronomical and as- 
trological calculations. 
So when this Calkas knew by calkulynge, 
And ek by answer of this Apollo, 
That Grekes sholden swiche a peple brynge, 
Thorugh which that Troye moste ben fordo, 
He caste anon out of the town to go. 
Chaucer, Troilus, i. 71. 
calculi, Plural of calculus. 
calculifragOUS (kal-ku-lit"ra-gus), a. [< L. cal- 
culus, a pebble, stone in tne bladder, + fran- 
gere (frag-), break, + -ous.] In surg., having 
power to dissolve or break calculus, or stone in 
the bladder ; lithotritic. 
calculose (kal'ku-los), a. [< L. calculosus: see 
calculous.] 1. Same as calculous. [Bare.] 
St. Full of stones or pebbles ; stony; gravelly. 
The feldes calculose, eke harde and drie 
Thai love, and hattest ayer, forth! thai ripe 
And floureth with. 
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 54. 
calculous (kal'ku-lus), a. [< L. calculosus, < 
calculus, a pebble, a stone: see calculate, v.] 
1. Stony; gritty; hard like stone: as, a calcu- 
lous concretion. 2. Arising from calculi, or 
stones in the bladder ; caused by calculi : as, 
a calculous disorder. 3. Affected with the 
gravel or stone : as, a calculous person. 
calculus (kal'ku-lus), TO. ; pi. calculi (-11). [L., 
a small stone, a pebble, a stone in the bladder, 
a pebble used as a counter, counting, calcula- 
tion, ete., dim. of calx (cale-), a stone: see 
calx 1 .] 1. A small stone ; a pebble. 2. Inpa- 
thol., a general term for inorganic concretions 
of various kinds formed in various parts of the 
body. Those concretions formed in the gall-bladder are 
called biliary calculi, or gall -stones; those formed by a mor- 
bid deposition from the urine in the kidneys or bladder are 
called renal, cystic, or urinary calculi ; those formed in the 
substance of the lungs are called pulmonary calculi ; and 
those formed in the salivary glands or their ducts are called 
salivary calculi. There are also gouty concretions called 
arthritic calculi, and others called pancreatic calculi, lac- 
ryinal calculi, spermatic calculi, etc. 
3. In math., any highly systematic method of 
treating a large variety of problems by the use 
of some peculiar system of algebraic notation. 
By the calculus, without qualification, is generally under- 
stood the differential calculm, invented by Leibnitz (al- 
thc nigh Xewton's method of fluxions comes virtually to the 
same thing). In this method quantities are conceived as, 
varying continuously, and when equations exist involving 
several quantities, these quantities will, in consequence 
of these equations, vary together, so that there will be 
equations between their rates of change, the differential 
or infinitely small increment of a variable being denoted 
by the letter d written before the symbol denoting the 
variable. The differential calculus treats of the values of 
762 
ratios of these differentials, and of the fundamental for- 
mulas into which these ratios enter. The mtei/ral calculi/* 
treats of integration, or the summation of an infinite series 
of differentials; it is largely an inverted statement of a 
part of the doctrine of the differential calculus, but it 
also introduces imaginary quantities and leads up to the 
calendar 
calecannon, colecannon (kill-, kol-kan'on), . 
[Appar. < cale 1 , cole 1 , cabbage, + cannon (uncer- 
tain).] A favorite Irish dish, made by boiling 
and mashing together greens, young cabbage, 
or spinach, and potatoes, and seasoning with 
... and n. [< L. 
for Scotland, + 
Caledonia or Scot- 
land"; Scottish; Scotch". 
The arrival of the Saxons [in Britain] checked the pro- 
finite differences differs from tne airrerenuai caicums, ,, i Caledonian marauders. 
merely in considering finite differences instead of differ- sif f , Crefuu Ellg . const., p. 26. 
entials, but also in not assuming continuity. Calculus 
Of forms, the theory of invariants, etc., treated symboh- JJ_ OT . A native of Caledonia, or Scotland, 
cally after the manner of Gordan. Calculus of func- a Scotchman. 
&*Aft^^?5^ caledonite (kal'e-do-mt) [< L. Caledonia 
Calculus of logic, a method of working out conclusions Scotland, + -ite*.] A blue or greemsn-b] 
from given premises by means of an algebraic notation. mineral, a hydrous sulphate of lead and copper, 
operations, the general method of treating f j n attached crstals with other ores o 
Calculus of operations, the ge 
probability.- Calculus of quaternions, the method of 
calculating by means of quaternions. Calculus of va- 
branch of the differential calculus using 8, 
, 
f oun( i j n attached crystals, with other ores of 
lead, at Leadhills in Lanarkshire Scotland, 
and at Eoughten Gill in Cumberland, England, 
a l so in Hungary and the Harz mountains. 
(kal-e-fa'shient), a. and n. [< L. 
ppr. of SU*iufa warm 
. 
ionary calculus See method of fluxions, under flux- or hot, < calere, be hot, f'facere, make, bee 
ca i e f v an d chafe.'] I. a. Warming ; heating. 
jf ' Tfa t whicn warms or heats; in med., 
asubstencewhichexcitesasensationofwarmth 
, 
ton. Fusible calculus, a variety of urinary concretion 
consisting of mixed ammonium-magnesium and calcium 
lating by the use of an imaginary unit, the square of which in the part to which it IS applied, as mustard, 
- v, ei)T ) er etc ; a superficial stimulant. 
1,' i. !. ._ V.i P fok'shonl n K L calefac- 
CaleiaCllOn (Ka n i;, it. i\. i^. i 
tio(n-), < calefacere: see calffacttre, caiefacient.] 
i _ The act or operation of warming or heating ; 
t j production of heat in a body by the action 
calefactwn can warm a 
As [if] the remembrance of . 
man ln a co <ty mgit^ More 
to Psychozoia, i. 
is supposed to be 1, and which is added and multiplied 
like a number. Mulberry calculus, a urinary concre- 
tion consisting chiefly of oxalate of lime. Many of these 
calculi in form and color somewhat resemble the fruit of 
the mulberry. Residual calculus, a method of calcu- 
lating by the operation called residuation (which see) ; a 
branch of the integral calculus invented by Cauchy. 
caldera (kal-da'ra), n. [Sp., a kettle : see cal- 
dron.] A large 'kettle or caldron ; hence, in 
geol. , an amphitheatrical depression in a volcan- 
ic formation. The term was originally used in describing 
volcanic regions occurring where Spanish is the current 
language, and was introduced by Von Buch in his classic calefactiVO (kal-e-fak tiv), a. [< L. calefac- 
description of the Canaries. Its use has been extended tug /__ o f ca lefacere: see caiefacient) + -ive.] 
thence to other countries, and by it is understood a large , j \T/j (. ma\cp, warm or hot communicating 
amphitheatrical or kettle-like depression occurring in vol- Adapted to make W8 
canic rocks, surrounded by high and steep walls, which heat. Also calefactory. 
are usually more or less broken away on one side or cut calefactor (kal-e-fak'tor), n. [< ML. calefactor, 
through by deep ravines (barrancas). Calderas are gen- no warmg (calefactor ceres, chafe-wax), < 
erally admitted to be volcanic craters enlarged by the ac- ' . mlrfartirf 1 A 
tion of the sea after submergence of the mass, or by the calefacere, make warm . 8 WW.J 
action of subterranean disruptive forces. kind of small stove. 
From the crest of the great escarpment of the Atrio [of calefactory (kal-e-fak'to-ri), . and TO. [< L. 
Monte Somma], or what the Spaniards would call the calefactorius, < calefactus, pp. of calefacere, 
" Caldera," deep ravines or "barrancos" very near each ma k e wa rm: see caiefacient.] I. . Same as 
other radiate outwards in all directions. , ? 
Sir C. Lyell, Prin. of Geol. (10th ed.), I. 834. calefa 
Calderari (kal-de-ra'ri), n. pi. 
deraro, equiv 
smith : see caldron 
society, formed in the kingdom of Naples short- 
ly before the restoration of the Bourbons in 
1815, for the purpose of opposing the Carbonari 
and upholding absolute government. 
caldeset, . * See chaldese. 
Choused and ^**te$"*W a 1010 calefyt (kal'e-fi), v. ; pret, and pp. calefied, ppr. 
,. ,,.,,, , ' r-n i j caleft/iiif/. [< L. calefteri, grow hot, pass, ot cale- 
caldron (kal'dron). . [Early mod. U. caudron ; JW" J JL ho t; cf. MC. caleficare, make hot 
< ME. caldron, calderon, usually caudron, can- /> uj t E cfeaft q v ) see caiefacient ] 
droun, caudvrmm cawdron, etc., <OF. *ealdron, J ' T ^ ^wtot or 'warm; be heated. 
"caudron (Picard cawdron, cauderon), assibi- 
lated "chaldron, "chaudron, chauderon (> E. chal- 
f ^^^ o{ the 
_ I 3 A c h a fing-dish of silver or other 
me tocontainbuniinf charcoal, placedupon 
co](1 weather . 
dron in different sense: see chaldron), F. cltdii- 
= Sp. calderon = Pg. caldeirao = It. cal- 11- f"- 
, a large kettle), aug. of OF. caudiere, caleidophone 
Chrystal will calefy unto electricity. 
Sir T. Browne., Vulg. Err., li. 1. 
II. trans. To make warm or hot. 
, 
n. See 
caldaja, caldara (obs.) (also caldajo, caldaro, 
m.), a kettle, < L. caldaria, a kettle for hot 
water, fern, of caldarius, suitable for heating, 
< caldus, calidtts, hot, < calere, be hot : see cal- 
id.] A very large kettle or boiler. Also spelled 
cauldron. 
In the midst of all 
There placed was a caudron wide and tall, 
Upon a mightie fornace, burning whott. 
Spenser, F. (.)., II. ix. 29. 
cale 1 , a. See cote 2 and Icale 1 . 
cale 2 (kal), n. [Origin unknown.] Incoal-iii/n- 
ing, a specified number of tubs taken into a 
working-place during the shift. Gresley. [Mid- 
land counties, Eng.] 
cale 3 (kal), r. ; pret. and pp. caled, ppr. caliiif/. 
[E. dial., also written cail; origin obscure.] 
I. trans. To throw. 
II. intrans. 1. To move irregularly. 2. To 
gambol. Balliwell. [Prov. Eng. in all senses.] 
cale 3 (kal), n. [< ealeS, v.] Turn : as, it is his 
cult' to go. [North. Eng.] 
a abbot 
of Ealemberg, an amusing personage in Ger- 
man anecdotes, or a narrator of amusing anec- 
dotes; or from a count of Kalmbern, who made 
amusing mistakes in speaking French.] A 
pun ; a play on words, 
calemes (kal'e-mez), n. Same as camenes, 
calendar (kal'en-dar), n. [Early mod. E. also 
calender ; < ME. calendar, calender, Tcalender = 
D. G. Dan. Sw. kalender = F. ealendrier = Pr. 
calendler = Sp. Pg. It. calendario. It. also ctihii- 
daro, < L. calcndarium, in classical L. usual- 
ly latlenAnriwn, an account-book, interest-book 
(so called because interest became due on the 
calends), in ML. a calendar; neut. of </<- 
durius, l>-at<'>i<l(i>-iitx, adj., < calendit-, kalenda; 
calends: see cutrnds.] 1. A collection of 
monthly astronomical tables for a year, ar- 
ranged by weeks and days, with accompanying 
data ; an almanac. It was so called from the Roman 
:;il,-niln: the mime given to the first day of the month, 
and written in large letters at the head of each mouth. 
