Camellia 
laurel-like leave-, several hundred varieties have Iwen pro- 
duced, a* well aMiunierons hybrids with the larger- tlo wen >l 
C. rttinttittit of i 'hiiiii and (lit- ff;i^i:inl lean .1 i '. *ii.i/ t :iiin 
of Jupan. Tin' dried leaves of the last species are Bain t* 
be mixed with tea. and the ~n .Is yield an oil which is lined 
for viirioii, .lome-tie (im-poses. 
2. |7. c.] A Mower of the genus '<(,(///, espe- 
cially "!' ('. .tii/Hinii'ti. 
camel-locust (Kam'el-lo'kust), H. Same as cam- 
cl-illKt'('t, 
camel-necked (kam'ol-nokt), a. Having a neck 
like or likened to a camel's. Camel -necked flies, 
neunipiernii, inserts of the family s<n!nl,i . 
cameloid (kam'e-loid), a. [< (Jr. *//;//. r */,.. 
contr. ku/ii/'/ ijr!//f , camel-like, < Ka/ii/'/.of, camel, + 
rider, form.] Of or pertaining to the CameM- 
<!<! : plmlaiigigrade, as a ruminant. 
Cameioidea (knm-e-loi'de-ii), n. /il. [NL., < 
Camelux + -/'/?.] The ('ni/n liiln regarded as 
a superfamily group : equivalent to Tylopoda, 
or I'ri-nnt /iliiiliiiii/ii/i-<iilii. 
camelopard (ka-mel'o- or kam'e-lo-pard), . 
[= F. raiH< : loi>nril, i-iniii'li'iipard = Sp. cama- 
teopartlo, < LL. camelopardus, ML. also came- 
li:>l>iir<tiiliix, a shortened form of L. camelopar- 
dafix, ML. also canielopardalim, < Or. x 
i!a/.if, a giraffe, < i//r//of, a camel, + m 
later ;rfyoof, a pard (leopard or panther).] 1. 
Tho giraffe : so called from a certain resem- 
blance in form to a camel, and from its spotted 
coloration, like that of the pard or leopard. 
2. In her., a bearing representing a creature 
like a giraffe, but with long and generally curved 
horns, borrowed from the medieval bestiaries. 
Also formerly cnmelopardal, camclopardel. 
camelopardalt, camelopardelt, . [Also ea- 
mtioparclatt; = >Sp. camellopardal = Pg. camelo- 
pardal = It. cammellopardalo, < L. camelopar- 
dali.t, ML. also camelopardalus : see camelo- 
pard.} A camelopard. Minshev. 
Camelopardalidae (ka-mel*o- or kam'e-lo-par- 
dal'i-de), . pi. [NL.,< Camclojtardalis + '-4d(e.~] 
Same as Camvfapnrdida. 
Camelopardalis (ka-mel-o- or kam'e-lo-piir'da- 
lis), n. [NL. : see camelopard.} 1. A genus of 
ruminant quadrupeds: same as Giraffa. 2. A 
northern constellation formed by Bartsch and 
named by Hevelius. it is situated between Cepheus, 
Perseus, Ursa Major and Minor, and Draco. As given by 
Hevelins, the name was Camelopardalus. 
camelopardelt, . See camclopardal. 
Camelopardidae (ka-mel-o- or kam"e-lo-par'di- 
de), H. pi. [NL., < "Camelopardus (cf. Camelo- 
pardalis) + -id<c.} A family of ruminant quad- 
rupeds : same as Giraffldas. Also called Camelo- 
pardalida;. 
camelornithes (kam*el-6r-m'thez), n. pi. 
[NL., < Gr. nd/ir/Atif, camel, + 6/(f, pi. fynwcf, 
bird.] The camel-birds: a name, not techni- 
cal, sometimes applied to ostriches, from their 
points of resemblance to the camel in appear- 
ance and habit. 
camelott, . An old spelling of camlet. 
camelry (kam'el-ri), n.; pi. camelries (-riz). [< 
camel + -n/ : formed on the model of caval- 
ri/.} 1. A place where camels are brought to 
be laden or unladen. 2. Troops mounted on 
camels. 
The English General there and then abandoned his boats 
and dismounted his camelry. Spectator, No. 3018, p. 681. 
camel's-thorn (kam'elz-thdrn), n. 1. A spiny 
leguminous shrub, Alhtigi Maurorum, of which 
the camel is very fond, and which yields a 
manna-like exudation from its leaves and 
brandies. 2. Erroneously, a spiny rhamna- 
ceous shrub, Zbyphus nummularia, of Persia 
and India, which bears an edible berry, and the 
leaves of which are used as fodder for sheep 
and goats. 3. In South Africa, several spe- 
cies of Acacia which are browsed upon by the 
giraffe, especially A. Giraffa; and A. erioloba. 
Camelus (ka-me'lus), H. [L. : see camel.'] The 
typical genus of Camclida', having the back 
humped. It contains two species, both of the old world. 
('. tromtdariii*, the Arabian camel, and ('. Ixirlri'tnut, the 
Bactrian camel ; the latter has two humps, the former 
one. See ,/;,;*, 7. 
Camembert cheese. See cheese^. 
Camense (ka-me'ne), . pi. [L.. sing, rinin nn. 
OL. casmena ; akin to carmen, a song: see 
c1iarm1.~\ In Rom. mi/tli.. prophetic nymphs, of 
whom there were four, the most celebrated 
being Algeria. The poets frequently applied 
the name to the Muses. 
Camenet, [< L. camena: see CtWMMsV] One 
of the Oamonse. 
Demnc Cami a: -. that *>ith your sacred food 
Haie fed ami fostcnlc op from tender yeares 
A happye man tluit in your fauour stoo.le. 
tivoye, Sonette of Edwardes of the Chappell. 
777 
camenes (kam'en-ez), n. [See def.] In /</>. 
the mnemonic name of a mood of the fourth 
figure of syllogism, of which the major premise 
is a universal aflirmative, the minor a univer- 
sal negative, and the conclusion a universal 
negative proposition: as, Whatever is expe- 
ilient w conformable to nature; nothing con- 
formable to nature is hurtful to society ; there- 
fore, nothing hurtful to society is expedient. 
Tills mood wan formerly considered b> all (as it U still by 
some) logicians as belonging to the first figure, and as such 
was called celantex. When put into the fourth tlynrc it 
was called dawnl'*. then i-ntur-iitf*, then camenrf, also 
caltint*. Of the seven letters of the word camenei, six arc 
signitlcant. Cslgnlflea reduction to ctlarmi ; a, >, e indi- 
!! th>- i|iiantity and quality of the premises and conclu- 
sion; m sIpilHes transposition of the premises In reduc- 
tion, and the simple conversion of the conclusion. 
cameo (kam'e-o), n. [< It. cammeo, a cameo, = 
P. camee (> G'. camee = Dan. //;< = Sw. /.// 1 
and m in n a- n (see camaieu) = 8p. camafco = Pg. 
camafeo, camafno, camafcu (cf. MHG. gamaliiu, 
chammachiu, a kind of diamond), < ML. cam- 
mirug, camahutus, camaliotug; of, unknown ori- 
gin.] 1. An engraving in relief upon a gem, 
a hard stone of moderate size, or a similar ma- 
terial, or the object itself so engraved, aw dis- 
tinguished from an intaglio; specifically, such 
an engraving upon a stone or a shell having 
two or three layers differing iu color, such as 
an onyx, agate, etc., and so treated as to utilize 
the effect of the variety of coloring. Cuneo on 
stone are called itune cameoi in contradistinction to the 
xtirtl cauirox, or those cut on shells which have superposed 
layers varying in color, such as the Caujtut mfn, which gives 
red on sardonyx, the COJUTM inadaijaxcaritnjtis, white on 
dark claret, the Catti* cornuta, white on orange, the 
Strombus gintu. white on pink, and other tropical shells. 
Cameos in distinct bands of colors have been produced 
since about 150 B. C. ; and some of the ancient examples, 
as the Sainte Chapelle agate, in I'arU (13 by 11 inches). 
representing the apotheosis of Augustus, and the Vienna 
onyx (9 by 8 inches), representing allegorically the corona- 
tion of Augustus, surpass in size and In delicacy of execu- 
tion the best modern specimens. 
Hence 2. Raised or anaglyphic work in art on 
a miniature scale ; specifically, the art of engrav- 
ing small figures in relief: opposed to intaglio : 
as, a stone or shell cut in cameo ; a vase orna- 
mented in cameo Cameo incrustation, the pro- 
duction of casts in relief within a coating of flint-glass. 
The process consists in forming the design to be incnisted 
of less fusible material than the glass coating, which is 
welded upon the design while in a soft condition. In 
cameo. See catneo, 2, above. 
cameo-glass (kam'e-6-glas), n. 1. Same as 
cased glass. See also cameo glass, under glass. 
2. A convex glass used in the mounting of 
hand-painted photographs. 
cameo-press (kam'e-6-pres), n. A small screw- 
press used to give a convex roundness to pho- 
tographic portraits. The card is pressed twtween the 
bed and platen, which are respectively convex and con- 
cave. K. II. Knight. 
cameo-shell (kam'e-6-shel), n. A shell of the 
family Cassididir, C'o**i madagascariensis (so 
called by mistake), or C. cameo. The species 
is an inhabitant of the Caribbean and neigh- 
boring seas. 
cameotype (kam'e-o-tip), . [< cameo + type, 
as in daguerreotype, etc.] A name formerly 
given to a small vignette daguerreotype for 
mounting in a jeweled setting. 
cameo-ware (kam'e-6-war), n. A class of fine 
pottery ornamented with figures in relief, of a 
different color from the ground, and usually on 
a small scale. The so-called Wedgwood ware 
is of this class. See jasper-ware, and fl'cdgtcooil 
ware, under ware. 
camera (kam'e-ra), n. ; pi. cameras, camera 
(-rjiz, -re). [{ L. camera, camara, a vault 
(Mlj. a chamber), < Or. aaftdpa, a vaulted cham- 
ber, anything with an arched cover; akin to 
L. caniiir, curved, crooked, W. Ir. Gael, cam, 
crooked, Gr. Kaprrreiv, bend: see ram 2 , camber?, 
i-linmber, comrade.'} 1. In one. arch., an arched 
camera 
roof, ceiling, or covering; a vault. 2. \nut. . 
a small vessel used on the coa>t-- of tin- Bos- 
porus and the Black Si n. Also rniunrii. 3. 
The variety of camera obscura used by photog- 
raphers. It Is nude usually In the form of a IKIX in two 
IMI i - connected h\ > extern Ible bellow! !;* ftmngi 
tin nt serving to adjust the focus, ami having one or more 
lenses fixed In the front, rhoti igraphlc cameras an 
In a great variety of shapes and size*, according to use. 
a> the pockel -camera, copying camera, londtcape-t 
and lartrait-eamera ; and many different forms of 
nonie of highly specialized typea, are used. Provision U 
made for Inserting In the back of the camera carriers or 
plate-holders containing the dry or wet sensitive platt* 
or the paper films, etc., on which tin pbotopmbl are 
taken. 8eeinieTOo6riir, IK-IOW. nud fMtfrmftm. 
4. In anat. : (a) The so-called fifth ventrieli- 
of the brain, between the laminte of the si-plum 
lucidum. (l>) Some other chambered or vaulted 
part or organ, as the pericardium (camera cor- 
itix, chamber of the heart), the cranial cavity 
( (</ MI era era nii), etc. Camera aquosa < I Jttin. humid 
chamber), the anterior ai|Uen* eliamlier of the eyeball, 
bounded In front by the corm a. Kcliiinl In the Iris and 
crystalline lens. Camera luclda (Latin, clear cham- 
ber), an Invention of the chemist Wollaston, designed 
to facilitate the delineation of distant objects. It con- 
sists of a solid prismatic piece of nUta mounted upon a 
brass frame. Tne prism has Its angle* so arranged that 
the rays from the object appear reflected as shown below, 
and is covered at the top by a metallic eyepiece, the hole 
in which lies half over the edge of the prism, so as to utlord 
a person looking through It a view of the picture reflected 
through the glass, and a direct view of his pencil or tra- 
Photographed' Camera. 
B, bellows ; G. ground glass ; //, holder for sensitive plate : L. lens : 
c, cap for lent ; 1 1, slide corerlng sensitive plate. 
Camera Lucida. 
cing-point. In the figure the object to be traced, /, ls op- 
posite the perpendicular surface of the prism, ( r, and the 
rays proceeding from / pass through this surface and fall 
on the inclined plane f o, which makes an angle with <i c 
of 67*'; from this they are totally reflected to the plane 
b a. which makes an angle of KC, with 6 c, and are again 
reflected to the eye at e above the horizontal plane, which 
makes an angle of 7J with the plane a b. The rays of 
light from the object proceeding upward from A toward 
the eye of the observer, he sees the image at m. and by 
placing the paper below in this place the Image may be 
traced with a pencil. Hie brass frame of the prism has 
usually two lenses, one concave and the other convex, the 
former to be used in front between / and d c for near- 
sighted persons, and the latter at e for those who are far- 
siuhted. The size of the picture may also be Increased or 
diminished by lengthening or shortening brass tulws con- 
nected with the frame. This Instrument has undergone 
various modifications. It Is extremely convenient on ac- 
count of Its portability. Camera obscura (I. at in, dark 
chamber), an apparatus in which the images of external 
>bjects, received through a convex lens, arc exhibited 
distinctly and in their natural colors on a white surface 
placed at the focus of the lens. The simplest form of this 
Instrument consists of a darkened chamber. Into which no 
light Is permitted to enter except by a small hole In the 
uiihlow-shutter. An image of the objects opposite the hole 
will then appear on the wall, or on a white screen so placed 
as to receive the light coming from the ojtening. A convex 
lens may be fixed in the hole of the shutter. Portable cam- 
eras are constructed of various forms, hut the design of 
them all is to throw the Images of external objects, as per- 
sons, houses, trees, landscapes, etc., upon a plane or curved 
surface, for the purpose of drawing, the making of photo- 
graphic pictures, or mere amusement The surface on 
which the linage is thrown may be covered wlUi a sheet 
of paper, on which the Hcurc may lie traced by hand with 
a pencil ; but the picture i mit distinctly wrn when the 
image is formed on the i.ack of a silvered mirror. The 
figure represento 
a portable camera 
obscura. The cam- 
era olwcura is of ten 
made in the form 
of a circular build- 
ing capable of 
holding a number 
of people, who 
stand about a plain 
white table which 
is placed in the 
center of the struc- 
ture, and on which 
the luminous im- 
age is projected 
by a lens on the roof. By tnniinu the lens around, a pano- 
rama of the neighlioring scenery it> exhibited on the ta- 
ble. Cameras for use in sketching are made in the shape 
of a cone, with a lens and a reflecting mirror at the apex 
and a drawing-table inside. One side of the box Is cut 
out, and at this opening the artist alta. partly enveloped 
by a dark curtain which aenrea to ihnt out extraneous 
liu'ht. !*ee optiyraph. 
The human eye is a small camera oftaniro of wonder- 
fully perfect construction. Lomntel, Light (trans.), p. 102. 
Copying camera, a camera used for copying and enlarging 
photograph! from negatives. The solar camera, for copy- 
in.- I.v direct solar light, U usually erected out ot toon 
/-. lens; M. i-.ta.Amf minor; G, ground 

