canal 
cornea by its locks a grade of 1,910 feet, and the Morris canal 
in New Jersey, 101 miles long, one of 1,684 feet. The Suez 
canal(opened in 18*19) is 90 miles long, and is level through- 
out. It is the largest in the world in point of sectional area, 
and the most important in a commercial aspect. Canalized 
rivers are common in western Europe. On ordinary nar- 
row canals boats are usually drawn by horses or mules 
traveling on a tow-path, though steam -propulsion and 
steam-towing are now used to some extent; larger ones, 
called ship-canals, as the Suez, the North Holland, the 
Welland, etc., are navigated by vessels of different sizes, 
up to the largest under sail or steam. 
2. In arch., a channel; a groove; aflute: thus, 
the canal of the volute is the channel on the 
face of the circumvolutions inclosed by a list 
in the Ionic capital. 3. In anat., a duct; a 
channel through which a fluid is conveyed or 
solids pass ; a tubular cavity in a part, or a com- 
munication between parts. See duct. 4. In 
2067., the name of sundry grooves, furrows, 
apertures, etc., as: (a) the channels of various 
actinozoans; (i) the afferent and efferent pores 
of sponges ; (c) the groove observed in different 
parts of certain univalve shells, and adapted for 
the protrusion of the long cylindrical siphon or 
breathing-tube possessed by those animals. 5. 
In bot., an elongated intercellular or intrafas- 
cicular space, either empty or containing sap, 
resin, or other substances Abdominal canal, in 
anat., same as inguinal canal. Alimentary canal, 
alisphenoid canal, alveolodental canal. See the ad- 
jectives. Alveolar canal, (a) Anterior, the canal in the 
superior maxillary bone containing the anterior superior 
dental nerve. (b) Inferior, the inferior dental canal, (c) 
Median, the canal in the superior maxillary bone contain- 
ing the middle superior dental nerve, (rf) Posterior, the 
canal in the superior maxillary bone containing the poste- 
rior superior dental nerve. Ambulaeral neural canal. 
See ambulacral. Anterior palatine canal, (a) The ca- 
nal formed by the union of the canales incisivi. It opens on 
the palate just behind the incisor teeth. Also called ante- 
rior palatine fossa. (b) The canalis incisivus on either side. 
(c) The canales incisivi with the anterior palatine canal in 
sense a. Aquiferous canals. See aquiferous. Arach- 
noid canal, a portion of the subarachnoid space, where 
the arachnoid crosses, without dipping into, the longitu- 
dinal and transverse fissures of the brain. Atrial canal, 
auditory canal. See the adjectives. Auricular canal, 
the constriction between the auricular and ventricular por- 
tions of a fetal heart. Axial canal. See axial. Ber- 
nard's canal, a supplementary duct of the pancreas. Also 
called Santorini's canal. Canal Of Bartholin. Same 
as duet of Bartholin. Canal Of Cloquet. Same aa hya- 
loid canal. Canal Of Corti, the space lying between the 
tectorial membrane and basilar membrane of the cochlea. 
Canal Of Cotunnius, the aqnnductui vestibuli (which 
see. under aquoeductus). Canal Of Fontana, an annular 
series of spaces, which lie in the sclerotic, just in front of 
the place of attachment of the iris, and communicate freely 
with the anterior chamber of the eye. Also called canal of 
Hovius, ciliary canal, and Fontana's spaces. Canal Of 
Gartner. Same as (jaertnerian canal. Canal Of Gul- 
dl. Same as Vidian canal. Canal Of Hovtus. Same as 
canal of Fontana. Canal Of Huguier. Same as Huyuie- 
rian canal. See below. Canal Of Lbwenberg. the canal 
in the cochlea bounded by the membrane of Keissuer, the 
tectorial membrane, and the outer wall of the cochlear ca- 
nal. It is the upper free portion of that canal. Canal Of 
Miiller. Same as duct of Mutter. Canal of Nuck, the 
pouch of peritoneum (processus vaginalis) which in the fe- 
male embryo extends down along the round ligament of 
the uterus, and which may persist to a greater or less ex- 
tent in the adult Canal Of Petit, the annular series of 
connected spaces in the suspensory ligament encircling 
the crystalline lens of the eye. Canal of Reissner. Same 
as cochlear canal. Canal Of Rivinus. Same as duct of 
Mivinus. Canal of Rosenthal. Same as spiral canal of 
the modiolus. Canal Of ScMemm, a circular canal, of 
elliptical cross-section, lying in the substance of the scle- 
rotic slightly anterior to the canal of Fontana. Canal Of 
Stenson. Same as duct of Stenson. Canal Of Stilling. 
Same as hyaloid canal. Canal of Wharton. Same as 
duct of Wharton. Canal Of Wirsung, the pancreatic 
duct. Canals of Breschet. canals in the diploe of the 
cranial bones, in which Breschet's veins run. Canals Of 
Recklinghausen, the system of canals in the cornea ; the 
communications between the cell-spaces of the cornea. 
Carotid canal. See carotid. Central canal, the median 
canal of the spinal cord. Central canal of the modio- 
lus f the largest of the canals in the modiolus of the cochlea 
of the ear. Cerebrosplual canal, (a) The neural or 
eraniovertebral canal formed by the skull and the spine, 
and containing the brain and spinal marrow. (6) The primi- 
tive common and continuous cavity of the brain and spinal 
cord, not infrequently more or less extensively obliterated 
in the latter, but in the former modified in the form of the 
several ventricles and other cavities. Ciliary canal. 
Same as canal of Fontana. Cochlear canal, the proper 
cavity of the cochlea, connected by the canalis reuniens 
with the cavity of other parts of the labyrinth of the ear. 
Also called canal of Reissner. Dental canal, (a) An- 
terior, a small canal branching off from the infraorbital 
canal in the floor of the orbit, and descending in the front 
wall of the antrum. It transmits vessels and nerves to 
the front teeth of the upper jaw. (b) Inferior, the chan- 
nel in the inferior maxillary or lower jaw-bone, which 
transmits the inferior dental nerves and vessels, (c) Pot- 
I friar, one or more flue canals entering the superior max- 
illary Iwne about the middle of its posterior surface, and 
transmitting the posterior dental vessels and nerves. 
Digestive canal. Same as alimentary canal. E)acu- 
latory canal. Same as ejaculatory duct (which see, under 
duct). Eustachian canal, the bony canal in the petrous 
portion of the temporal bone which forms part of the 
Eustachian tube. Facial canal, the aquieductns Fallopii 
(which see, under ogweduottu) : so called because it trans- 
mits the facial nerve through the temporal bone. Gaert- 
nerian canal, or duct of Gartner, the remains in the fe- 
784 
male of the obliterated archinephric canal or Wolfflan 
duct, forming a cwcal appendage or cul-de-sac of the geni- 
tal passages, or a cord connecting the latter with the paro- 
variuin. Gastrovascular canal, genital canaL See 
the adjectives. Haversiau canal, the track or trace of a 
blood-vessel in bone ; a cylindrical hollow in bone in which 
an artery or a vein runs. These canals are mostly of minute 
or microscopic size ; on transsection of compact bone-tis- 
sue they appear as round holes, but in longisection they 
are seen to be branching and anastomosing canals. When 
large and irregular, as they often are, in growing bone 
and in the cancellous tissue of adult bone, they are called 
Haversian upaccs. The medullary cavity or marrow-cav- 
ity of a long bone, as a humerus or femur, is really a 
gigantic Haversian canal, filled with fat, numerous blood- 
vessels, and connective tissue. See cut under bone. 
Hepatic canal. Same as hepatic duct (which see, under 
duct). Huguierian canal, a small passage for the chorda 
tympani nerve through the temporal bone between its sqlla- 
mosal and petrosal elements, parallel with the Olaserian fis- 
sure. Also called canal of Iluyuier. Hunter's canal, the 
canal formed by the vastus interims muscle on one side and 
the adductor longus and adductor magnuson the other, to- 
gether with a strong fibrous band passing over from the 
vastus to the tendons of the adductors. The femoral 
artery runs through this canal to become the popliteal. 
Hyaloid canal, the fine canal in the vitreous humor 
of the eye, extending from the optic papilla to the lens cap- 
sule, which contains in the embryo the hyaloid artery, but 
persists for a time after the disappearance of that vessel. 
Also called canal of Cloquet and canal of Stilling. In- 
cisor canal. See anterior palatine canal. Infraorbital 
canal, the canal leading from the infraorbital groove on 
the orbital surface of the superior maxillary bone, and 
opening at the infraorbital foramen. It transmits the in- 
fraorbital nerve and artery. Inguinal canal, a canal in 
the groin, about two inches long, passing from the internal 
to the external abdominal ring. It lies just above and 
parallel to Poupart's ligament, and transmits the spermatic 
cord in the male and the round ligament in the female. 
Also called abdominal canal. Lacrymal canal, (fl) 
Same as nasal canal, (b) One of the canaliculi lacrymales 
(which see, under canaliculus). Madreporlc canals, 
mucous canals. See the adjectives. Nasal canal, the 
bony canal lodging the nasal duct, and formed by the supe- 
rior maxillary, lacrymal, and inferior turbinated bones. 
Nasopalatine canal. Same as anterior palatine canal. 
Neural canal. () The tube formed by the centra and 
neural arches of vertebra, in which the brain and spinal 
cord lie. (b) In echinoderms, a canal of which a part of the 
wall is formed by the anibiilacral nerve and its connec- 
tions ; the track or trace of the anibiilacral nerve and its 
connections. 
This band-like nerve [ambulacral nerve of a starfish] 
constitutes the superficial wall of a canal, which extends 
through the whole length of the ambulacrum, and may be 
termed the ambulacral neural canal. It is divided by a 
longitudinal septum. At its oral end . . . each ambu- 
lacral nerve, when it reaches the oral membrane, divides 
into two divergent branches, which unite with the corre- 
sponding branches of the other ambulacral nerves to form 
the oral ring. Answering to the latter is a wide circular 
neural canal, into which the ambulacral neural canalu 
open. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 478. 
Obturator canal, a funnel-shaped opening in the upper 
part of the obturator membrane, transmitting the obtura- 
tor vessels and nerves. Pterygopalatine canal. Same 
as canaliculus phai'ynfft'us (v\\ic\\ see, under canaliculus). 
Sacral canal, the sacral portion of the neural canal. 
Santorini's canal Same as Bernard's canal. Semi- 
circular canal, one of the three membranous canals lead- 
ing off from and returning into the utriculus of the inner 
ear : also applied to the bony channels in which these 
lie. A vertical superior, a vertical posterior, and a hori- 
zontal or external semicircular canal are distinguished. 
See cut under ear. Sheathing canal (canalis vaginalis), 
the communication of the cavity of the tunica vaginalis 
testis with the general peritoneal cavity of the abdomen. 
In man it soon closes, leaving the tunica vaginalis a shut 
sac. Spinal canal, the canal formed by the series of ver- 
tebra: containing the spinal cord. Also called vertebral ca- 
nal. Spiral canal Of the cochlea, the spiral channel in 
the petrous bone in which the cochlear portion of the mem- 
branous labyrinth is contained. Spiral canal of the 
modiolus, a minute spiral canal at the base of the osse- 
ous lamina spiralis of the ear, winding spirally about the 
modiolus or columella of the cochlea. It contains the 
ganglion spirale of the cochlear nerve. Sternal canal. 
See sternal. Stlebel'S canal, a tube observed in certain 
molluscan embryos, and regarded as probably an evanes- 
cent embryonic nephridium. Vertebral canal. Saun- 
as spinal canal. Vidian canal, a canal running in the 
sphenoid bone from the foramen lacerum medium to the 
sphenomaxillary fossa, and containing the Vidian nerve 
and artery. Also called canal of Guidi. 
canal 1 (ka-nal'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. canalletl, 
ppr. canalling. [< canal 1 , .] To intersect or 
cut with canals. 
Engineers, like kobolds and enchanters, tunnelling 
Alps, canalling the American Isthmus, piercing the Ara- 
bian desert. Emerson, Works and Days. 
canal 2 (ka-nal'), Same as canaille, 2. 
canal-boat (ka-nal'bot), . A comparatively 
long and narrow boat used on canals for the 
conveyance of goods or passengers, and com- 
monly moved by traction. 
canal-coal (kan'al-kol), n. A corrupt form of 
cannel-coal. 
canales, Plural of canalis. 
canalicular (kan-a-lik'u-lar), a. [< L. canali- 
culus, dim. of canalis, a channel: see canal 1 , 
., channel 1 .'] 1. In anat. and zool., resembling 
a small canal ; canal-shaped. 
A dividing of the mesoderm occurs, which takes the 
form either of canalicular cavities, or of a complete split- 
ting of the mesoderm into an outer plate attached to the 
ectoderm, and au inner one attached to the endoderm. 
Gegenbaur, Conip. Anat. (trans.), p. 50. 
canalis 
2. Of or pertaining to canaliculi ; canaliculate. 
The reticulated tissue of Lover is then seen to be a sys- 
tem of canals, which is but a modified form of the cana- 
licular spaces of the spines. 
Jour. Roy. Mwros. Soc., 2d ser., VI. 80. 
Canalicular abscess, an abscess of the breast which 
communicates with the lactiferous ducts. 
canaliculate, canaliculated (kan-a-lik'u-lat, 
-la-ted), a. [< L. canaliculatun, < canalicitlns, a 
little channel, dim. of canalis, a channel: see 
canal 1 , .] Channeled; furrowed; grooved. 
Specifically (a) Inrntom., having a central longitudinal 
furrow, which is broad and well defined, but not very 
deep : said of the lower surface of the thorax when it is 
grooved for the reception of the rostrum, (b) Shaped into 
a canal or canaliculus ; being a channel, groove, gutter, 
or spout, as the lip of a whelk, (c) In bot., having a deep 
longitudinal groove, as a petiole of a leaf, etc. 
canaliculus (kan-a-lik'u-lus), n. ; pi. canaliculi 
(-11). [L., dim. oi canalis, a channel: see chan- 
nel 1 , canal 1 , .] In anat. and sool., a little 
groove, furrow, pipe, tube, or other small 
channel. 
The canaliculi which originate in one lacuna most fre- 
quently run into a neighboring lacuna, or else into a 
neighboring Haversian canal. //. Gray, Anat., p. 46. 
Canaliculi biliferi, the bile-ducts. Canaliculi calco- 
pnori. See calcouiuirous. Canaliculi caroticotym- 
panici, two or three short canals leading from the caro- 
tid canal into the tympanum and transmitting branches 
of the carotid plexus. Canaliculi dentium, the minute 
canals of the dentine. Canaliculi lacrymales, the lac- 
rymal canals,' small tubes beginning at the pnncta lacry- 
malis, and opening into the lacrymal sac either separately 
or by a common opening. Canaliculi Of bone, the micro- 
scopic branch- 
ing tubules ra- 
diating from 
the lacunse of 
bone, and con- 
necting one la- 
cuna with an- 
other. Ca- 
naliculi pe- 
trosi, two 
very small ca- 
nals, or in 
some cases 
channels, on 
the upper sur- 
face of the pe- 
trous portion 
of the tem- 
poral bc-ne, 
transmitting 
nd 
Microscopical Structure of Bone, magnified about 
600 diameters. 
c, f, bone-corpuscles in their lacunae ; d, rf, ca- 
naliculi of bone. 
the large an 
small superfi- 
cial petrosal nerves. Canaliculi vasculosl, the nutri- 
tious and Haversian canals of bone. Canaliculus pha- 
ryngeus, a groove on the under surface of the vaginal 
process of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, 
more or less completely converted into a canal by the sphe- 
noid process of the palatine bone. It transmits the ptery- 
gopalatine vessels and the pharyngeal or pterygopalatine 
nerve. Also called ptorygopalaK'M canal. Canaliculus 
pterygopalatinus, sphenopalatinus, sphenopha- 
ryngeus. Same as canaliculus pharyniteus. Canalicu- 
lus tympanicus, the minute canal iu the petrous portion 
of the temporal bone which transmits Jacobson's nerve. 
Canalifera (kan-a-lif'e-ra), n. pi. [NL., neut. 
pi. of canaliferus : see'canaliferous.] A family 
of gastropods, characterized by the extension 
of the anterior extremity of the shell and mouth 
into a canal-like spout. It was formed by Lamarck 
(1809) for the genera CeritMum, Turbinella f Fasciolaria, 
Pyrula, Fu#us, Murex, and Pleurotoina, which have been 
accepted by modern conchologists as types of different 
families. [Obsolete.] 
canaliferous (kan-a-lif'e-rus), . [< NL. cana- 
liferus, < L. canal's, canal, + ferre = E. bear 1 .] 
Having a channel or canal. 
Canalirostra (ka-nal-i-ros'tra), n. pi. [NL., < 
L. canalis, a canal, + rostrum, pi. rostra, a 
beak, mod. rostrum.] A superfamily of hemip- 
terous insects, consisting of the Tingida', Aru- 
<lida', and Phynia tida, having a deep, long groove 
on the prosternum into which fits the rostrum. 
Also, incorrectly, Canalirostri. Amyot and Ser- 
rille, 1843. 
canalirostrate (ka-nal-i-ros'trat), or. [< Caiinli- 
rostra + -afc 1 .] Saving a channeled beak or 
rostrum ; specifically, having the characters of 
the Canalirostra. 
canalis (ka-na'lis), . ; pi. canales (-lez). [L., 
a channel, pipe, groove, etc.: see canal 1 , n.] 
In anat. and zool., same as canal, 3 and 4. Ca- 
nales laqueiformes, the loops of Henlc in the kidneys. 
Canalis caroticus. See carotid canal, under carotid. 
Canalis Cloqueti, the hyaloid canal.- Canalis cochleae 
osseus, the entire spiral osseous canal of the cochlea, 
containing the scala vestibnli, scala cochlea) or canalis 
cochlearis, and scala tympani. Canalis condyloideus, 
the canal opening at the posterior condyloid foramen. It 
transmits a vein to the lateral sinus.- Canalis cranio- 
pliaryngeus, the craninpharyugeal canal, connecting the 
cerebral with the buccal cavity. See rrniu"i'linrimiira>.-- 
Canalis gynsecophorus, a gynwcophore. Canalis hy- 
poglossi, tlic anterior condyloid foramen, which trans- 
mits the twelfth or hypoglossal nerve. Canalis inpisi- 
VUS, the ealtal leading down from the nasal tnssa nn either 
side to jniii its fellow and form or open into the anterior 
palatine canal or fossa. It transmits the anterior palatine 
vessels. Also called incisor canal, und'rior palatine canal, 
