caravan-boiler 
caravan-boiler (kar'a-van-boilte), . An old 
fonn of steam-boiler, resembling a wagon. 
caravaneer (kar'a-van-er'), . [< F. cnnira- 
niir ( Sp. i-iimranerii= Vg. rami-aiirim), < ra- 
ravane, caravan.] One who 1< a.l- the camels, 
etc., of a caravan. 
Caravansary (kar-a-van'sa-ri), n.; pi. earariiii- 
mirirx (-fix). [= P. rararaiiKi-mi, -xrrail = It. 
mmraiixrrai = Sp. riifiii-aiixi rmllo = IV 
vaufiirti = Turk, kmriinsaray = Hind, kiiricun- 
xara, < I Vi-s. UrtPcfNMFdsj < hinran, caravan, + 
nil mi. |i.-il:iee, a public eililiee, an inn: see 
xini</liii.\ In the bast, a place appointed for 
receiving and lodging caravans; a kind of inn 
Interior of Caravansary at Aleppo. 
where the caravans rest at night, being a large 
square building, with a spacious court in the 
middle. Here travelers find shelter and accommoda- 
tions, but are obliged, if they have not brought their own 
supplies, to procure provisions and all necessaries for both 
men and beasts at the neighboring bazaar. Also written 
caravanserai, caramiutera. 
It is a mere cai-at'diuary, fit for a man of genius to 
lodge in, but not to live in. II. 1C. //.,/,,'. Autocrat, i. 
caravel, carvel (kar'a-vel, kar'vol), n. [= D. 
karreel = G. krafeel, crarel = F. caravelle = It. 
cararella (> Turk, qaravela), < Sp. caraeela, also 
carabela (= Pg. 
rararrla), a car- 
avel, dim. of ra- 
raba=Pg. ram 
vo, also carrliii, 
erero, a small 
vessel, < ML. 
carabus, a kind 
of boat, < Gr. 
Kapaftoc., a kind 
of light ship 
(NGr. /ca/jrf,J(); 
prob. a particu- 
lar use of Ki'ipa- 
j8of, a beetle, 
a sea-crawfish : 
see Carabus.] 
Naut., the name Can>vcl> c 
of several kinds 
of vessels, line variety, us.'. I in Portugal, Is a vessel of 
from 101) to 160 tolls burden ; another is a fishing-vessel of 
from 10 to 15 tons ; and a third is a large Turkish ship of 
war. The name was also given to n small ship used by 
the Spaniards and Portuguese in the fifteenth and sixteenth 
centuries for long voyages. It was narrow at the poop 
and wide at the bo\\. ami carried a double tower at its 
stern and a single one at its hows. It had four masU and 
a how sprit, ami the principal sails were lateen sails. Two 
of the vessels with which Columbus crossed the Atlantic 
and discovered America were of this description. 
The king of Portingal mimic, 1 to arme certalne Camel* 
to discouer this Spieerie. llaMuttt'H Voyage*, I. 217. 
The armament consisted of two caravels, or light vessels 
without decks, and a third of larger burden. 
Pnscutt, Ferd. and ISA., L 16. 
The seas of our discovering over-roll 
Him ami bis yulil ; tlie frailer M 
With what was mine, came happily to the shore. 
Ti'niiiixiin, Columbus. 
carawala (kar-a-wii'lii), M. A venomous ser- 
pent of southern India und Ceylon, /lupnalr 
i" /'ii, a viviparous species of the viperiue series. 
caraway (kar'a-wii), H. [Also written carra- 
ii'ai/, early mod. E. also cttroirau, < Sp. alrara- 
liin-i/a, caraway. < Ar. ill, the, + kanriyii. 1,-ani- 
trii/a, caraway-seeds, caraway-plant, prob. < Gr. 
Mi/mi., caraway, > L. can-inn, XL. earinii (> It. 
rum Florio), cumin, caraway. Another form 
is E. dial, and Sc. rurri/. rarrrit, < F. rarri = It. 
earn = I), kanrri = MLG. karice, G. karri; 
kai-lii', kanrri = Dan. karri; < Sp. earri. short for 
tilrararia I'g. ii/rararia, variants of the forms 
before mentioned, or directly from the Ar. with- 
out the article.] 1. A biennial plant, ('a nun 
t'linii. of the natural order I'mbellifrni; with a 
tapering root like a parsnip, which when youno; 
is used as food, but has a very strong flavor. 
BIB 
It Is a native of Europe and Asia, and is frequently cult! 
vated for it fruit, or so which have an aro- 
matic smell and a warm pungent taste. They are used as 
a carminative in n I for flavoring cakes, etc., 
and a volatile oil is obtained from them by distillation. 
2. The Xiijrlla mi lira or black caraway, a ra- 
nunculaceous plant of southern Europe, the 
seeds of which are aromatic and used for the 
same purposes as common caraway. 3. Col- 
lectively, the seeds of the caraway. 
Illanmlcicllc, nr pcpyns, with <'n,'n>i'>->i in colifltc. 
Baber* /;...i-(i:. K. T. s.), p. 100. 
4f. A kind of sweet cake or comfit containing 
caraway-seeds. 
I li.-u cheese with fruite On the table set, 
With I'.iskctcs or Camimyet, As you may get 
BttMf JM(B, K. T. S.), p. 343. 
A dish of earavayt. Shuk., lien. IV., v. 3. 
5. A kind of apple. Maxim. 
caraynet, An old fonn of carrion. 
carbamate (kiir'ba-mat), n. [< carbam(ic) + 
-ate 1 .] A salt of carbamic acid. 
carbamic (kiir-bam'ik), a. [< ctr6(nie) + atn- 
(iilc) + -ic.] Relating to a substituted carbonic- 
acid containing the amide radical \ll._,. c.-.r- 
bamic acid, *'ON1I.O1I, an aeid not known in the free 
-talc, but forming salts ami ethers, as mctlijl carbamate, 
i i IN M-. i "M Its ammonium salt occurs In commercial 
ammonium carl.onatc. 
carbamide (kiir'ba-mid or -mid), . [< carb(on) 
+ a m iilr. ] 1 . A compound identical with urea, 
having the formula CO(NH 2 )2- It is found in 
many of the animal juices, and occurs most abundantly 
in urine. 
2. A general name for the derivatives of urea. 
carbazotate (kar-baz'o-tat), n. [< carbasot(ic) 
+ -atf 1 .] A salt formed by the union of car- 
bazotic acid with a base. 
carbazotic (kar-ba-zot'ik), a. [< carb(un) + 
azote + -if.] Composed of or pertaining to car- 
bon and azote. carbazotic add, (Y.lMNOo^oii, 
picric acid ; a crystalltzahle acid obtained by the ac'tion of 
nitric acid on phenol, Indigo, and other animal ami vegeta- 
ble substances. It forms shining yellow crystals, sparingly 
soluble In cold water, and having an intensely bitter tssittf 
It is used chiefly In dyeing. When silk which has been 
treated with a mordant of alum or cream of tartar Is im- 
mersed in a solution of this acid, it Is dyed a beautiful 
permanent yellow color ; and by the use of indigo and 
picric acid together various shades of green are obtained. 
Its salts explode violently when struck. Also called trini- 
carberry (kar'ber'i), H.; pi. carberries (-iz). 
The gooseberry. [North. Eng.] 
carbhydrate (karb-hi'drat), n. Same as car- 
bohydrate. 
carbide (kiir'bid or -bid), H. [< carb(on) + 
-ide 1 .] A compound of carbon with a metal. 
Formerly called carburet. 
carbine 1 ! (kar'bin), M. [Early mod. E. also cara- 
bine, carabin, carbeene, a musketeer, < F. cara- 
bin, " a carbine or curbeene [misprinted for enr- 
beene], an arquebuzier armed with a murrian 
and breastplate, and serving on horseback" 
(Cotgrave), mod. F. carabin, a surgeon's ap- 
prentice, earlier OF. calabrin, calabrien, orig. 
one who worked a war-engine, < calabre, a war- 
engine: see calabre%. In this sense obsolete, 
being replaced by carbineer.] A soldier armed 
with a carbine; a carbineer; a musketeer. 
Nay, I knew, 
However he wheel'd about like a loose carbine, 
lie would charge home at length like a brave gentleman. 
Fletcher, Wit without Money, v. 1. 
carbine 2 (kiir'bm), n. [Formerly also carabine, 
= D. karabijn =G. karahinrr = Dan. karabin = 
Sw. karbin, < F. carabine, < It. carabina = Sp. 
Pg. carabina (> Ar. auarabiiia, ijarltiina), a car- 
bine; from carbine 1 .] 1. In the sixteenth cen- 
tury, a firearm ; one of the many names given 
to the lighter form of harquebuse. 2. In mod- 
ern times, a short rifle, especially one adapted 
to the use of mounted troops. 
carbineer (kiir-bi-ner'), H. [= D. karabinier = 
Dan. karabincr = Sw. karbinerare, < F. cara- 
binier (= Sp. carabinero = Pg. carabineiro = It. 
carabinierr. raraliino),<. carabine: see carbine*.] 
A soldier armed with a carbine. Also formerly 
written carabineer. 
carbine-thimble (kiir'bin-thim'bl), . A stiff 
socket of leather fastened to a D-ring on the 
right side of a saddle, to hold the muzzle of a 
carbine. 
carbo (kar'bo). n. [NL. (L.): so called from 
their coal-black color : see carbon.] A name of 
several black water-birds, (a) The black guillemot 
of the North Pacific-. I'ria carbo. (6) The common cor- 
morant. I'lialaemcorax carbo. (c) [cap.] A genus of cor- 
MHiraiit-. -iviim name t,' the C'trlMniliiir. Laceptde, 1800. 
carboclet, . A Middle English form of car- 
buncle. Clnniri r. 
carbohydrate (kiir-bo-lu'drt), . [< carbon 
+ hydrate.] A general name for a group of 
carbon 
organic Itodiex containing carbon atoms or 
some multiple of <>, und hydrogen and oxygon 
in the proportion in whirli they form v 
(HgO), that is, tui.-.- as many hydrogen a 
oxygen atoms, as starch, sugar, and cellulose. 
A l-i. riirhhi/ili-ati . 
carbohydroUB (kiir-lxi-hi'druB), a. [< carbo- 
hyilr(aic) + -on*.] Pertaining to or or the na- 
ture of a carbohydrate. 
Borodin . . . maintain* . . . that the energy of the 
respiration In leafy shooU under constant external condi- 
tions is a function of the earMtftlrmu material which la 
i in the plant. .Smi'fAjiHiian Report, 1881, p. 303. 
carbolated (kar'b9-l-ted), a. [< cr6o/(ic) + 
-uti - + -r<l~~.] Impregnated with carbolic acid. 
carbolic (kar-bol'ik), a. [< carb(on) + -ol + 
-ic. ] I'erttiiniug to or derived from carbon or 
'<.,!. Carbolic add, a substance << ,.H ."li> found In 
that part of tin- li.a>i ..il of owl-tar which dlntlls over 
between 321) and 374 K. From this product of coal-Ur It 
Is almost exclusively prepared. It has feeble acid prop- 
erties, but in chemical structure Is allied to the alcohol*, 
and Itclongs U> a class of compounds called vhniuU. When 
pure It crystallizes in white r colorless iiceoles, which hare 
the odor of creosote and a burning taste. They dellquescr 
readily and become liquid. It Is an Irritant poison when 
taken In large doses, but in doses of from 1 to 3 grains It 
Is used internally as a therapeutic agent. Its chief medi- 
cinal use, however, Is as a disinfectant in antiseptic sur- 
gery, and as an external application to unhealthy sores, 
compound fractures, abscesses after they have been open 
ed, and tissues that are exposed as a result of surgical opera- 
tions. The action of the acid Is not only to exclude germs 
that induce putrefaction, but also to destroy such as may 
have l>een admitted, for which reason it U Introduced 
Into the interior of the wound. Also called phrnicafid. 
Carbolic-add paper, wrapping-pa|>cr saturated with 
stearin and carbolic aeid, used for preserving meats, etc. 
carbolize (kiir'bol-lz), r. (. ; pret. and pp. car- 
bolized, ppr. car6ulizing. [< carbol-ic + -irr.] 
To impregnate with carbolic acid. Also spelled 
carboliye. 
carboluria (kar-bo-lu'ri-S), M. [< carbolic + Gr. 
mpov, urine.] A condition of the urine charac- 
terized by dark discoloration, symptomatic of 
poisoning by carbolic acid. 
carbon (kar'bon), . [== F. carbone = Sp. car- 
bono = Pg. carbone = It. carbonio, < NL. car- 
bo(n-), carbon, mod. forms, in chem. sense ; cf . 
F. charbon = Pr. carbo = Sp. carbon = Pg. carrSo 
= It. carbone, a coal, coal, older forms, in orig. 
sense ; < L. carbo(ii-), a coal, whether a glowing 
coal or a dead coal, charcoal. ] 1 . Chemical sym- 
bol, C; atomic weight, 11.97. An element found 
in nature in two distinct forms: the diamond, 
which is extremely hard, of high specific grav- 
ity (3.5), usually colorless and transparent, with 
brilliant adamantine luster, and crystallizes in 
octahedrons; and graphite, which is very soft, 
of low specific gravity (2), black and opaque, 
with metallic luster, and crystallizes in hexag- 
onal plates. See diamond and graphite. Its phys- 
ical properties vary greatly with its different forms. It is 
combustible, bunting to carbonic add (i 'i i-_o. In combina- 
tion it is universally distributed through the animal and 
vegetable kingdoms being a constituent of every living 
tissue. By the action of heat on such t issues, with partial 
or complete exclusion of air, carl m Is procured In amor- 
phous fonn more or less mixed with other matters, .such 
products are animal charcoal, lampblack, wood charcoal, 
coke, and gas-carbon. The numlier of its compounds with 
the other elements !> endless ; and at present more com- 
pounds of carbon are known, probably, than of all other 
elements taken together. It Is present in the atmosphere 
as carbon dioxid. or carl>onic-acid gas, and In the same form 
In some mineral waters ; it also appears In the salts called 
cat honatcs, as calcium carbonate in coral, In the shells of 
many sea-animals, in the common mineral calcite, includ- 
in<.' i balk, limestone, marble, etc., and as Iron carbonate 
in the mineral siderite, etc. 
2. The form of the diamond generally called 
carbonado; the black diamond. 3. In electric 
lighting, a carbon-point (see below) Blsulphld 
Of carbon. See trimtptiitt. Carbon dioxid. Num-asmr- 
btmie acitt (which see, under carbonic). Carbon-points, 
in fUctric lifihtin<i, two rods of very hard, compact carlon, 
between which the electric arc Is formed, producing a light 
of great brilliancy. See rv//rti'e nir, under arc, and electric 
li^ifii, under flectrif. Carbon process, iii ;>Aofo<;., a pro- 
cess of producing photographic positive pictures in a pig- 
ment composed of carlMin, in order to insure their jK-nna- 
iicncv. The thill pajMT on which the impression from tin- 
negative is taken is coated with gelatin colored with the 
carlK.n pigment, and sensitized, usually with bichromateof 
I>otJi8h. After cxjiosure to light under the negative it is 
affixed face downward upon another sheet of paper, and ia 
plunged with it into a hot-water bath, which detaches the 
nrst paper and leaves the gelatin film uncovered. The 
water dissolves those portions of the film which have not 
U'en rendered insoluble by the action of light through the 
transparent portions of the negative upon the sensitizing 
medium, and the more or less insoluble portions of the 
film fonn a positive picture, which is, however, reversed 
in its relations of right and left. If a second transfer of 
the film from 1U support, to restore these relations in the 
finished print, is required, the first transfer is not made to 
a paper surface, but to a sheet of glass, zinc, or caontchouc. 
The same end may be accomplished without the second 
transfer, by stripping the negative Him from the glass, and 
printing with its face outward, by reversing the right and 
left of the negative by the use of a prism, or by other de- 
