carbon 
vices. Carbon spar, a name given to several mineral 
carbonates, as carbonate of magnesium, of zinc, etc. Car- 
bon telephone, a form of telephone invented by Edison, 
in which the vibrations of the diaphragm of the mouth- 
piece produce, by variable pressure upon a piece of com- 
pressed carbon placed in the circuit, variations in the 
electric current which induce sonorous vibrations in the 
receiver. Gas-carbon, a form of amorphous carbon 
which is produced in the retorts where coal is heated for 
the manufacture of illuminating gas. It forms an iron- 
gray deposit on the sides and upper part of the retort. It 
is extremely hard, and is a good conductor of heat and 
electricity. It is used in the preparation of carbon bat- 
tery-plates, and also for the carbon-points used with the 
electric arc-light. Also called coal-gas charcoal and gas- 
graphite. 
carbona (kar-bo'na), n. [NL.: see carbon.] 
In mining, a mass o? stanniferous rock, irregu- 
lar in form, and not possessing the general 
character of a lode. Such a mass, however, is ordi- 
narily subordinate to a lode in its immediate vicinity. The 
carbona is in some respects analogous to the " pipes " and 
' ' flats " of the North of England lead-mines. The carbona 
of the St. Ives lode in Cornwall, England, was one of the 
most remarkable of these occurrences, and one of the first 
to which this name was given. It was composed of feldspar, 
quartz, black tourmalin (schorl), tin ore (cassiterite), ana 
some cupriferous ore. It also contained fluor-spar, which 
was not present in the lode itself. 
carbonaceous (kar-bo-na'shius), a. [< carton 
+ -aceous.] Pertaining to or consisting of car- 
bon; containing carbon or coaly matter. Car- 
bonaceous shale, a soft shaly rock through which coaly 
or bituminous matter is abundantly diffused in fine parti- 
cles. Such shales are abundant in some parts of the United 
States, especially in the Devonian and Silurian series. 
carbonadet (kar-bo-nad'), n. [= G. Dan. kar- 
bonade, < F. carbonade, carbounade, < It. car- 
Sonata (= Sp. carbonado = Pg. caravonada), 
carbonade, < carbone (= Sp. carbon = Pg. car- 
vao), a coal: see carbon.] In cookery, a piece 
of meat, fowl, or game cut across, seasoned, 
and broiled ; a chop. Also carbonado. 
1 will make thee slice the brawns of thy arms into car- 
bonades, and eat them. 
Marlmve, Tamburlaine the Great, I., iv. 4. 
If I come in his [way] willingly, let him make a carbo- 
nado of me. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 3. 
Broil them on the coals 
For carbonadoes. 
Massinger, The Bondman, iii. 3. 
carbonadet, carbonado' 2 t (kar-bo-nad', -na'do), 
r. t. [< carbonade, .] 1. To make a carbo- 
nade of; score across and grill. 
Will he have a brace, 
Or but one partridge, or a short legg'd hen, 
Daintyly carbonadoed > 
Fletcher (and another), Love's Pilgrimage, i. 1. 
2. To cut or hack, as in fighting. 
Draw, you rogue, or I'll so carbonado your shanks. 
Stiak., Lear, ii. 2. 
With his keen-edged spear 
He cut and carbonaded them. 
Massinger, Picture, ii. 1. 
Who could surmise a man ever could rise 
Who'd been thus carbonado'd, cut up, and dissected ? 
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 230. 
carbonado 1 (kar-bo-na'do), n. [Sp., < carbono, 
carbon: see carbon.] Same as bort, 2. 
earbonado-'t (kar-bo-na'do), n, and v. Same as 
carbonade. 
Carbonari, n. Plural of Carbonaro. 
Carbonarism (kar-bo-na'rizm), n. [< Carbonari 
+ -ism.] The principles, deeds, or cause of the 
Carbonari ; sympathy with or support of them. 
The determination, the self-forgetfulness, the audacity 
of the Nihilists, compared with whose conspiracies the 
plots of Carbonarism are merely child's play, are a fact so 
foreign to our nature that we can hardly understand it. 
Orpen, tr. of Lavelaye's Socialism, p. 196. 
Carbonaro (kar-bo-na'ro), .; pi. Carbonari 
(-ri). [It., lit. (as carbonajo), a cnarcoal-burn- 
er, < L. carbonarius, a charcoal-burner, a col- 
lier, < carbo(n-) (> It. carbone), coal, charcoal: 
see carbon.] One of the members of a secret 
political society called the Carbonari, formed 
in the kingdom of Naples during the reign of 
Murat (1808-14) by republicans and others dis- 
satisfied with the French rule. They were origi- 
nally refugees among the mountains of the Abruzzi prov- 
inces, and took their name from the mountain charcoal- 
burners. T heir aim was to free their country from foreign 
domination. After having aided the Bourbons in the expul- 
sion of the French, the organization spread over all Italy 
as the champions of the national liberal cause against the 
reactionary governments. At one time the Carbonari num- 
bered several hundred thousand adherents. They were 
concerned in the various revolutions of the times until 
crushed out by the Austrian power in Italy. About 1820 
they spread into France, and played an important part in 
French politics nntil the revolution of 1830. 
Louis Napoleon began as a Carbonaro and conspirator 
and narrowly escaped the fate which terminated the course 
of his elder brother and removed at least one rival out of 
his way. W. R. Grey, Misc. Essays, 1st ser., p. 154. 
carbonatation (kar"bo-na-ta'shon), n. Same 
as eitrlioHalion. 
carbonate 1 (kar'bo-nat), n. [< carbo(ic) + 
-ate 1 ; = F. carbonate = Sp. Pg. carbonate.] 1. 
816 
In chem., a compound formed by the union of 
carbonic acid with a base: as, calcium carbo- 
nate; copper carbonate. The carbonates are an im- 
portant class of salts, many of them being extensively used 
in tile arts and in medicine. 
2. pi. The common name in the Cordilleran 
mining region of ores consisting in large part 
of carbonate of lead, and usually containing 
silver. This is an important class of ores in 
Colorado and Utah. 3. Same as carbonado or 
bort. [Bare.] Hard carbonates, salts containing 
carbonic acid with iron for a base. Soft carbonates, 
salts containing carbonic acid with a base of lead. 
carbonate' 2 (kar'bo-nat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. 
carbonated, ppr. cdrbonating. [< carbon(ic) + 
-ate 2 ; = F. carbonater = Sp. carbonatar.] To 
impregnate or saturate with carbonic acid. 
Carbonated springs, springs of water impregnated with 
carbonic-acid gas. They are common in volcanic countries. 
carbonation (kar-bo-na'shon), . [< carbo- 
nate 2 : see -ation.] The act or process of caus- 
ing combination with carbonic acid; specifi- 
cally, a process of defecating beet-, sorghum-, 
or cane-juice by the addition of milk of lime, 
and subsequently precipitating the lime as car- 
bonate by leading into the solution a stream of 
carbonic-acid gas. Also carbonatation . 
carbon-black (kar'bon-blak), n. A fine lamp- 
black used in making printing-inks and paints. 
It is made by directing the flames of gas-lamps, fed by 
natural gas from wells, against cold surfaces, and collect- 
ing by machinery the sooty deposit. It is almost pure car- 
bon in a finely divided form. 
carbon-bronze (kar'bon-bronz), n. An anti- 
friction alloy of which the principal constitu- 
ent is copper. It was invented by Baldman and 
Weisman, and is used for journal-bearings, etc. 
carbon-button (kar'bon-but'n), n. A small disk 
of carbon, usually of compressed lampblack, 
used in a form of telephone invented by Edison. 
The resistance which it offers to the passage of an electric 
current depends upon the pressure to which it is sub- 
jected, so that when it forms a part of a circuit of con- 
stant electromotive force the current strength will vary 
with variations of pressure on the disk. See carbon tele- 
phone, under carbon. 
carbonic (kar-bon'ik), a. [= F. carbonique = 
Sp. Pg. It. carbonico, < NL. carbonicM, \ car- 
bo(n-), carbon: see carbon and -ic.] Pertain- 
ing to carbon, or obtained from it Carbonic 
acid, CO^, more properly called carbonw anhffdrid or 
carbon dioxid, a gaseous compound of 12 parts by weight 
of carbon and 32 of oxygen, colorless, without smell, 22 
times as heavy as hydrogen, and existing in the atmosphere 
to the extent of 1 volume in 2,500. It is reduced to a 
liquid by high pressure and cold ; and it is obtained as a 
solid white substance by means of the intense cold pro- 
duced by the sudden expansion of the liquid when al- 
lowed to escape from pressure. It has a pleasant, acidu- 
lous, pungent taste, and aerated beverages of all kinds 
beer, champagne, and carbonated mineral water in part 
owe their refreshing qualities to its presence ; for, though 
poisonous when taken into the lungs, it is harmless when 
taken into the stomach in moderate quantity. Dissolved 
in water, it forms a dibasic acid, CO(OH)2, whose salts, the 
carbonates, are widely and abundantly distributed in na- 
ture. It is incapable of maintaining combustion or animal 
life, acting as a narcotic poison when present in the air to 
the extent of only 4 or 5 per cent. It is disengaged from 
fermenting liquors and from decomposing vegetable and 
animal substances, and is largely evolved from fissures in 
the earth, constituting the choke-damp of mines. From its 
weight it has a tendency to subside into low places, vaults, 
and wells, rendering some low-lying places, as the upas 
valley of Java, and many caves, uninhabitable. This gas 
is formed and given out during the respiration of animals, 
and in all ordinary combustion, from the oxidation of car- 
bon in the fuel. It is evolved from the colored parts of the 
flowers of plants both by night and day, and from the green 
parts of plants during the night. In direct or diffuse day- 
light, plants absorb it energetically from the atmosphere 
through their leaves, and decompose it, assimilating the 
carbon, and returning most of the oxygen to the air. Car- 
bonic-acid engine, (a) A fire-engine from which water 
is ejected by the pressure of carbonic-acid gas, which is 
evolved in a chamber connected with the water-reservoir. 
(b) An engine which is moved by the expansive force of 
condensed carbonic acid. Carbonic-acid water. See 
aerated waters, under aerate. Carbonic or carbonous 
oxid, a substance (CO) obtained by allowing carbonic acid 
to pass over red-hot fragments of charcoal, contained in a 
tube of iron and porcelain, and also by several other pro- 
cesses. It is a colorless, inodorous gas, a little lighter than 
air, has neither acid nor alkaline properties, is very poison- 
ous, and burns with a pale-lavender flame. This substance 
is produced when a coal-fire burns with a smokeless flame, 
and the pale-lavender flame produced by its combustion 
may often be observed playing over such a fire. 
Carbonidae (kar-bon'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Car- 
bo(n-) + -ida;.] A name of the cormorant fam- 
ily. J. F. Brandt, 1839. See Phalacrocoracida;. 
carboniferous (kar-bo-nif 'e-rus), a. [< L. car- 
bo(n-), coal, + ferre = E. bear 1 .] Containing 
or yielding carbon or coal. In geol., almost ex- 
clusively used in designating that assemblage of strata 
from which the coal of England, France, Germany, and the 
United States is for the most part obtained. The Carboii- 
iferous series is of the Paleozoic age, and is the most rt> 
centportion of the Paleozoic. Itisoverlaid by the Permian 
rocks, which belong to the closing era of the Carbonifer- 
ous age, anil is unikTlaiil by the Devonian. The Carbon- 
iferous, over large areas Ijoth in Europe and North Arner- 
carboy 
ica, is separable into three more or less distinct groups: 
the coal-measures, the millstone-grit, and the mountain 
limestone. The first of these three is a series of shales 
and clays, with which the coal-beds themselves are inter- 
stratified. This part of the series is sometimes several 
thousand feet in thickness, and the number and thickness 
of the intercalated coal-beds differ greatly in different re- 
gions. The millstone-grit is a detrital rock ordinarily 
quite silicious, and assuming all degrees of fineness, from 
that of a fine-grained gritstone to that of acoar.st- i-onglom- 
erate. Its thickness varies greatly in various regions. The 
mountain limestone is a calcareous rock, often rich in fos- 
sils of marine origin, and sometimes having a thickness 
of over 3,000 feet. See coal, coal-measures, millstone-grit, 
and mountain limestone (under limestone). [In technical 
use, commonly with a capital.) 
carbonisation, carbonise, etc. See carbonisa- 
tion, etc. 
carbonization (kar"bo-ni-za'shon), n. [< car- 
bonize (see -ation) ; = F. carbonisation = Sp. 
carbonization = Pg. carbonizacao. ] 1 . The oper- 
ation of converting wood or other organic sub- 
stance into coal or charcoal. The volatile constit- 
uents are driven off by combustion, and a more or less 
pure carbon remains behind. The term is also used for 
the slow transformation of wood into coal by natural pro- 
cesses. 
2. Same as cnrburization. 3. Same as citr- 
bonation. Also spelled carbonisation. 
Carbonization-bed (kar"bg-ni-za'shon-bed), n. 
In charcoal-burning, a rectangular wooden box, 
higher at the rear than at the front, contain- 
ing wood covered with a layer of earth, it has a 
hearth at the front or lower-end, and forms a kind of kiln ; 
the flre gradually extends backward from the hearth, and 
the charcoal is withdrawn as fast as it is made. 
carbonize (kar'bo-mz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. car- 
bonized, ppr. carbonizing. [< carbon + -ize; = 
F. carboniser = Sp. Pg. carbonizar = It. carbo- 
nizzare.] 1. To convert into carbon by com- 
bustion or the action of fire, or by other natural 
processes. 2. To cover with carbon (in the 
form of charcoal or lampblack). 3. To carbu- 
rize. 
Also spelled carbonise. 
Carbonized linen or paper, thin material prepared for 
transferring patterns by tracing them upon the surface 
with a hard point. The linen is white or blue, but the paper 
is sold in many colors. Also called transfer-paper. Car- 
bpnizlng-fumace, an apparatus for carbonizing wood, 
disintegrating rocks, etc. E. H. Knight. 
carbonizer (kiir'bo-ni-zer), . A tank of ben- 
zol or other hydrocarbon, through which air 
is passed to carry off an inflammable vapor. 
E. D. Also spelled carboniser. 
carbon-light (kiir'bon-lit), . An electric arc- 
light. 
carbonohydrous (ka^'bo-no-hi'drus), a. [< 
carbon + hydr(ogcn) +"-ons.] Composed of 
carbon and hydrogen. 
carbonometer (kar-bo-nom'e-ter), n. [< NL. 
carbo(n-), carbon, + L. metrum, a measure.] 
An instrument for detecting the presence of 
carbonic acid by its action on lime-water. 
carbonOUS (kar'bo-nus), a. [< carbon + -ous.\ 
Pertaining to or containing carbon Carbonous 
oxid. Same as carbonic oxid (wnich see, under carbonic). 
carbon-paper (kar'bon-pa"per), n. Paper faced 
with carbon or lampblack: used between two 
sheets of paper for the purpose of reproducing 
upon the lower sheet anything which may be 
written or drawn upon the upper sheet, or 
printed urjon it by a type-writer. 
carbon-point (kiir'bon-point), n. 
points, under carbon. 
carbon-print (kiir' bon-print), n. A photograph 
in permanent inks or colors. See carbon process, 
under carbon, and Woodbury type, under type. 
carbonyl (kar'bon-il), n. [< carbon + -yl.] A 
hypothetical organic radical having the formula 
CO. 
carbovinate (kar-bo-vTnat), n. [< NL. car- 
bo(n-), carbon, + L. vin(mn], wine (for 'alco- 
hol'), + -ate 1 .] See carbovinate of potassium, 
under potassium. 
carboxyl (kar'bok-sil), n. [< carb(on) + 01- 
(ygen) + -yl.] A hypothetical organic radical 
having the formula COOH. It may be regarded as 
a compound radical made up of carbonyl (CO) and hy- 
droxyl (OH). This carboxyl group (COOH) exists in all 
organic acids, its hydrogen 
being replaceable by a basic 
element or group, thus form- 
See carbon- 
ing a salt, as acetic acid (CH 3 
COOH), sodium acetate (CH 3 
COONa), etc. 
carboy (kar'boi),n. [Ult. 
< Hind. Pers. qardba, a 
large flagon.] If. A 
demijohn. 
Six carboys of Isphahan Wine. 
Bommy, 1754, quot. in Yule Carboy. 
[and Burnell's Glossary. 
2. A large globular bottle of green glass, pro- 
tected by an outside covering consisting either 
