ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a., ad] adjective. 
abbr abbreviation. 
at.l. ablative. 
Me. accusative. 
accom. accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act. active. 
adv adverb. 
AC Anglo-French. 
agri. agriculture. 
AL. Anglo-Latin. 
ale. algebra. 
A in- r American. 
anat anatomy. 
anc ancient. 
antlq antiquity. 
oar aorist 
appar apparently. 
Ar. Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
arehaeoL archicology. 
ariih. arithmetic. 
art. article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
aatrol astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
at trili attributive. 
ang augmentative. 
Bar Bavarian. 
Bng. Bengali. 
blol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
hot botany. 
HIM/. Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg. Bulgarian. 
carp. carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
cans. causative. 
ceram ceramics, 
cf. L. confer, compare. 
ch. church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin. Chinese. 
i'li n ii i chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
romp. composition, com- 
pound. 
compar. comparative. 
i -i n n 1 1 concnology. 
con] conjunction. 
contr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
crahlol cranlology. 
cranlom craniometry. 
crystal. crystallography. 
D. Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
il.'f. definite, definition. 
deriv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
dut. different 
dim diminutive. 
distrlb distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynain dynamics. 
East. 
E. English (utuailymean- 
in^modernEnglish). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g L. exempli gratia, for 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. I nd East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
embryol embryology. 
Eng English. 
engln engineering. 
entom entomology. 
Epls Episcopal. 
equlv equivalent 
at- 
ethnog ......... ethnography. 
ethnol. ........ ethnology. 
i-t yin. .......... etymology. 
Eur ............ European. 
exclam. ........ exclamation. 
I., (em .......... feminine. 
P. .............. French (ittually mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem ........... flemish. 
fort ........... fortification. 
freq ............ frequentative. 
Fries. .......... Friestc. 
fut ............ future. 
O ............... Qenatn(tuuall<imcan- 
ing flew High Ger- 
man). 
Gael ............ Gaelic. 
galv ............ galvanism. 
gen. ........... genitive. 
geog ............ geography. 
geol. ........... geology. 
geom ........... geometry. 
Goth. .......... Gothic (Miesogothlc). 
Gr ............. Greek. 
gram ........... grammar. 
gun ............ gunnery. 
Heb ............ Hebrew. 
her. ............ heraldry. 
herpet ........ herpetology. 
Hind. .......... Hindustani 
hist ............ history. 
horol ........... horology. 
hurt. ........... horticulture. 
Hung ........... Hungarian. 
hydnml ........ hydraulics. 
hydros. ........ hydrostatics. 
Icel ........... Icelandic (utuallii 
meaning Old Ice- 
ed Old Norse). 
Ichth ........... ichthyology. 
i. e. ............ I., id tit, that Is. 
impers. ........ Impersonal. 
impf ........... Imperfect 
Impv ........... Imperative. 
JTT.: 
u 1. 1 . ............ Indicative. 
Indo-Eur ....... Indo-European. 
iii.k-f. .......... Indefinite. 
Inf. ........... Infinitive. 
instr ........... Instrumental. 
interj .......... Interjection. 
Intr., in trans. . . .Intransitive. 
IT. ............. Irish. 
tatf. .......... Irregular, Irregularly. 
It . ........... Italian. 
Jap. ............ Japanese. 
L. .............. Latin (utuaUy mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett. ........... Lettish. 
LG ............. Low German. 
llchenol. ....... llchenology. 
Ut .............. literal, literally. 
Itt. ............. literature. 
Llth ............ Lithuanian 
llthog .......... lithography. 
lithol ........... llthology. 
LL. ............ Late Latin. 
in. , masc ....... masculine. 
II .............. Middle. 
mach ........... machinery. 
mammal ........ mammalogy. 
mannf .......... manufacturing. 
math ........... mathematics. 
MD ............. Middle Dutch. 
M Ii ............. Middle English (at her. 
wile called Old Eng- 
lish). 
mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
. . medicine. 
..mensuration. 
metal metallurgy. 
metaph metaphysics. 
meteor. meteorology. 
Mez. Mexican. 
MGr Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHO Middle High demon. 
luilit. military. 
mineral. mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG Middle Low German. 
mod. modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth. mythology. 
n noun. 
n., neut neuter. 
K. New. 
N North. 
N. Amer. North America. 
nat natural. 
naut. nautical. 
nav. navigation. 
NGr New Greek, modem 
Greek. 
NHG New High German 
(utualty limply G., 
German). 
ML. New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom nominative. 
Norm. Norman. 
north. northern. 
Norw Norwegian. 
numls. numismatics. 
O. Old. 
ota. obsolete. 
obstet. obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other- 
true failed Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan. Old Danish. 
Otartog odontography. 
odontoL odontology. 
Of. Old French. 
Oltan. Old Flemish. 
OGaeL Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLO Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig. original, originally. 
orntth. ornithology. 
OS. Old Saxon. 
O8p. Old Spanish. 
osteoL osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTeut Old Teutonic. 
P. a. participial adjective. 
psJn paleontology. 
Prt participle. 
pass. passive. 
pathol. pathology. 
pert. perfect 
Pen. Persian. 
pers. person. 
persp. perspective. 
Peruv. Peruvian. 
.petrography. 
.Portuguese. 
.pharmacy. 
. .Phenlclan. 
photog. photography. 
phren .......... phrenology. 
phys. .......... physical 
PjVlpl ......... physlolofy. 
pi. , j.lur ........ plnraL 
poet. ........... poetical 
pollt. .......... political. 
Pol ............. Polish. 
poss. ........... possessive. 
PP. ............ past] 
vencal). 
.prefix. 
preposition. 
ITt. 
pref..... 
prep. 
pros. 
pret. preterit 
priv privative. 
prob. probably, probable. 
peon. pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronnn- 
prop. 
Prot '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. PnXeatent 
prov provincial. 
psycho). psychology. 
q. v L. ffuod (or pi. qua) 
mde, which ace. 
reft. reflexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
philoL phll 
polios. philosophy. 
pbonog. phonography. 
Romanic, Romance 
(languages). 
RQMuUL 
8.777. ..........South. 
8. Amer South American. 
sc. L. Kilitti, understand, 
supply. 
Sc, Scotch. 
Scand. Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp sculpture. 
8nr Servian. 
sing singular. 
Skt Sanskrit 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp. Spanish. 
sab] subjunctive. 
supeil superlative. 
snrg surgery. 
surv surveying. 
8w Swedish. 
syn. synonymy. 
Syr. Syriac. 
techno) technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teratoL teratology. 
term termination. 
Teut Teutonic. 
theat. theatrical 
theoL theology. 
therap therapeutics. 
toxlcol toxicology. 
tr. , trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk. Turkish. 
. . '. '. . . '. ultimate, ultimately. 
T Terb. 
var. variant 
ret veterinary. 
. L Intransitive verb. 
v. t transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
WalUch. Wallach i.in . 
W. Ind West Indian. 
aoopog. KXtaeographr. 
soot soofofT. 
ot lootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as in fat, man, pang. 
a 'as in fate, mane, dale. 
a as in far, father, guard. 
a as in fall, talk, naught 
a as in ask, fast, ant 
a as in fore, hair, bear. 
e as in met, pen, bless. 
e as in mete, meet, meat 
e as In her, fern, heard. 
i as In pin, It, biscuit 
i as In pine, fight, file. 
o as in not, on, frog. 
as in note, poke, floor. 
6' as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as in nor, song, off. 
n as in tub, son, blood. 
u as In mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty: see Preface, pp. 
ix, x). 
ft as In pull, book, could. 
ii German u, French n. 
ol as In oil, Joint, boy. 
on as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable Indicates Its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
Its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xl. 
Thus: 
as in prelate, courage, captain. 
as In ablegate, episcopal. 
B Ufa) abrogate, eulogy, democrat 
V as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable Indicates that, even In the 
mouths of the best speakers, Its sound Is 
variable to, and In ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sonnd (of but, 
pun, etc.). Sec Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
a as In errant, republican. 
?as In prudent, difference, 
as in charity, density. 
Q as In valor, actor, Idiot 
ft as In Persia, peninsula, 
e as in the book, 
ft as In nature, feature. 
A mark (~) under the consonant* (, d, 
i, 2 indicates that they In like mam 
are variable to ch, j, ih, zh. Thus : 
t as in nature, adventure. 
4 as In arduous, education. 
I as In leisure. 
I as In seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TH as in then. 
ch as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as In ton, en. 
ly (In French words) French liquid (moo- 
niiS) 1. 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent 
(A secondary accent is not marked If at Its 
regular Interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read/rom; L e., derived from. 
> read whence ; L e., from which Is derived. 
+ read and; L e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= raid coynaie vM; L e., etymological!} 
parallel with. 
y read root 
n*\ theoretical or alleged; L e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
t rt.iJ tM It, 
