of basketwork or of a wooden box : used chiefly 
for containing certain acids (such as vitriol or 
sulphuric acid) and other highly corrosive li- 
quids likely to act chemically upon stoneware. 
car-brake (kiir'brak), . A brake used to ar- 
rest the motion of a railroad-car. When opcr- 
atd by hand, it comprises a brake wheel, brake shatt. 
brake-chain, hrake-lcvcr, and brake-shoe, with their va- 
rious parts. (See lirnk'--i>luift. lirnkr-liof, and lirukf- 
//., / ) When- other than hand-power is used, the brake 
consists essentially of the shoe and level- and some means 
(as a coiled spring, steam, compressed air, or the pressure 
of the air actim; in a vacuum) for developing power and 
applying it to opera!.- the brake-lever. When all the 
brakes ..f a train are operated together by a single ap 
plieation i.f power, the apparatus is called a i-<>nti/n>/i.-; 
In-ill,,'. The most important (onus of such brakes are the 
\Vcstiughoiisc brake and the vacuum-brake. (See <//,-- 
ln'i/tv.) Some continuous brakes, as the improved West- 
inghouse, are operated bi the breaking apart of the ears 
in the train, and are called automatic or -l.f-ritini/ brakes. 
See ent nutlet- /Tr/Ax.'S. 
car-bumper (kar'bum // per), n. A buffer. 
carbuncle (kiir'lmng-kl), n. [< ME. ctirliinirlf. 
-btiufli; also assibila'eil clini'lii/iicli', -linin-li; 
-bit-It; -liut-lt; < OF. fin-liiiiii-li; -boucle, assibi- 
lated flitirbinit-lt; -l/mir, -boiide, -bode, scher- 
buncle, F. excnrbaucle = Pr. i-arbuiit-le, car- 
/iniiclc = Sp. Pg. carbunclo = It. carbonchio = 
D. karbonkd = MHG. karbunkel, also karl'nn- 
kel, G. karfunkfl (as if connected with J'uiil.-t; 
a s]>ark) = Dan. kurfinikul (prob. < G.) = Sw. 
karbun-kcl, < L. carbiinciilus (ML. also carvun- 
culux, carcuculus'), a gem, an inflamed tumor or 
boil, a disease of plants caused by hoar-frost, 
also lit. a little coal, dim. of carbo(n-), a glow- 
ing coal: see carbon.'] 1. A beautiful gem of 
a deep-red color, inclining to scarlet, found 
chiefly in the East Indies. When held up to the sun 
it loses its deep tinge, and becomes of the color of a burn- 
ing coal. It was formerly believed to be capable of shin- 
ing in darkness. The carbuncle of the undents is believed 
to have been a garnet, some varieties of which still go by 
that name, though the name included also the ruby and 
the spinel. 
2. In pathol., a circumscribed inflammation 
of the subcutaneous connective tissue, result- 
ing in suppuration and sloughing, and having 
a tendency to extend itself, undermining the 
skin. It is somewhat similar to a boil, but 
more serious in its effects. 
It was a pestilent fever, but there followed no car- 
buncle. Bacon. 
3. In her. : (a) A charge or bearing generally 
consisting of 8 radiating staffs or scepters, 4 of 
which are vertical and horizontal and 4 diag- 
onal or saltierwise, and supposed to represent 
the precious stone carbuncle. Also called es- 
carbuncle. (b) The tincture red, when describ- 
ing a nobleman's escutcheon according to the 
system of blazoning by precious stones. See 
blazon, n., 2. 4. A whelk or "toddy-blossom" 
on a drunkard's face. 
carbuncled (kar'bung-kld), a. [< carbuncle + 
-cd 2 .] 1. Set with carbuncles. 
He has deserv'd it [armour], were it carbuncled 
Like holy Phoebus' car. Shak., A. and C., iv. 8. 
2. Afflicted with carbuncle, or having the color 
of a carbuncle; glowing like a carbuncle, as 
from drink: as, "a carbuncled face," Brome, 
The Good Fellow. 
carbuncular (kiir-bung'ku-lar), a, [< L. car- 
bunculus, carbuncle, + -or 2 .'] Belonging to a 
carbuncle; resembling a carbuncle; red; in- 
flamed. Carbuncular fever. Same as malignant an- 
thrax (which see, uuder anthrax). 
carbunculate (kar-bung'ku-lat), a. Same as 
carbuncular. 
carbunculation (kiir-bung-ku-la'shon), n. [< 
L. carbunculatio(n-), < carbun'culare,'pf. carbun- 
culatus, have a carbuncle, or (of plants) the 
disease called carbunculus : see carbuncle.] The 
blasting of the young buds of trees or plants by 
excessive heat or cold. 
carbunculinet (kar-bung'ku-lin), a. [Cf. equiv. 
L. carbunculosw, containing red sandstone, < 
carbunculus, red sandstone.] Containing red 
sandstone. 
In sandy lande thai [chestnuts] stands if that it wepe 
Black erthe is apte, and londe carbuticulyne 
And ragstoon all to rapte is for hem digne. 
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. 8.), p. 216. 
carburett (kar'bu-ret), n. [= Sp. Pg. carbureto, 
Pg. also carburo, = F. carbure, < NL. carbo : 
see carbon.] Same as carbide. 
carburet (kar'bu-ret), v. t. ; pret. and pp. car- 
bureted, carburetted, ppr. carbureting, carburet- 
liiiif. [< t-iirhiiret, n.] Same as carburize. 
carbureted, carburetted (kiir'bu-ret-ed), p. a. 
[Pp. of carburet, i'.] Combined with carbon 
in the manner of a carburet or carbide: as, car- 
bureted hydrogen.- Heavy carbureted hydrogen. 
817 
same as i-tiiiiinu: Light carbureted hydrogen, a com - 
pound of carbon and hydrogen (I'll,) which occurs in coal- 
mines (tire-damp) and about stagnant pools. 
carbureter, carburetor (kiir'lm-ret-cr. -or), n. 
[< ctirbiirt-t + -crl, -or.] 1. An apparatus for 
adding hydrocarbons to non-luminous or poor 
gases, for the purpose of producing an illumi- 
nating; gas. This is cll'ccU-d by the addition of volatili -In 
droearbons, or by plaein^ material rieh in hydroearlwuis in 
the- charge in the gas-retort, or by cau.-iin: the gas to pass 
through ]ii|iiid hydrocarbons to take up the more volatile 
vapors. Air-carbureters are of this last class. Various 
devices are employed to saturate the air with the vapor, 
but all arc essentially alike. 
2. A hydrocarbon used for this purpose. 
The lightest distillates of American petroleum, Sher- 
wood oil, or shale, have been much investigated in regard 
to use as anicsthetlcs or as carburetters 
Ure, Diet., UL 399. 
Also carburetter, carburet /in: 
carburetted, /. See i-nrinin-tcil. 
carburisation, carburise. See carburization, 
carburization (kaV'bu-ri-za'shon), n. [< car- 
bnri:n + -utiiiii.] The process of adding car- 
bon, especially to iron; any process which 
has as its chief result the increasing of the 
amount of carbon present in a metal. Thus, cc- 
m < -lit -steel Is iron which has been changed to steel by 
being carburized by the so-called cementation process. 
Also spelled carburisation. 
carburize (kar'bu-riz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. car- 
buried, ppr. carburising. [< carbur(et) + -i~e.] 
To cause to unite with carbon or a hydrocar- 
bon, as when the illuminating power of a gas 
is increased by mingling with it the vapor of 
volatile hydrocarbons. Also carburise, carburet. 
carburometer (kar-bu-rom'e-ter), . [< car- 
bur(ct) + -o-meter, < L. metrum, a measure.] 
An apparatus invented by M. Coquillon for de- 
termining the amount of carbonic oxid, hydro- 
gen, etc., in gases contained in fuels. E. H. 
Knight. 
carbyl (kiir'bil), n. [< carb(on) + -yl.] A 
name given by Magnus to the hydrocarbon 
ethylene when it acts as a basic radical, as car- 
byl sulphate, C 2 H^(SO 3 ) 2 . 
carcajou (kar'ka-jo), n. [P., from a native 
name.] 1. The American wolverene, Gulo 
luscus. See wolverene. 2. Erroneously (a) 
the American badger, Taxidea americana; (b) 
the cougar, felis concolor. 
The wolverene has been confused not only with the 
lynx and cougar in early times, but also quite recently 
with the American badger, Taxidea americana. Thus 
F. Cuvier(supp. to Buffon, ed. 1831, 1. 267) treats at length 
of "le carcajou ou blaireau am6ricain," ... to which he 
misconceives the name carcajou to belong. 
Coues, Fur-bearing Animals, p. 45. 
carcan (kiir'kan), n. [< F. carcan : see carca- 
net.] Same as carcanet. 
carcanet (kar'ka-net), n. [Formerly also car- 
kanet, sometimes carquenet (with dim. -et or 
for *carcant), = D. karkant, < OF. carcant, car- 
can, carchant, charchant, chcreiiant, mod. F. 
carcan = Pr. carcan = It. carcame (ML. carcan- 
num, carchannum), a collar of jewels, an iron 
collar; (1) perhaps, with suffix -ant (cf. OF. 
carcaille, a carcanet, with suffix -aille, = E. 
-al), < OHG. querca = Icel. kverk = Dan. krwrk, 
the throat: see querken. (2) Less prob. ML. 
carcannum = crango, a collar, appar. < OHG. 
crage, chrage, throat, neck, MHG. krage, throat, 
neck, collar, G. kragen, collar, cape, gorget, dial, 
neck : see crag 2 . (3) Some refer to Bret, ker- 
chen, the bosom, breast, the circle of the neck, 
same as kelchen, collar, < kelch, a circle, circuit, 
akintoW. cclch, round, encircling.] 1. Aneck- 
lace or collar of jewels. 
Jewels in the carcanet. Shak., Sonnets, Hi. 
About thy neck a carkanct is bound, 
Made of the Ruble, Pearle, and Diamond. 
Ilerrick, To Julia. 
Then in the light's last glimmer Tristram show'd 
And swung the ruby carcanet. 
Tennynon, The Last Tournament. 
2f. A circlet of gold and jewels worn as an or- 
nament for the hair. 
Curled hairs hung full of sparkling carcaneti. Manton. 
carcara (kiir-kar'a), n. Same as caracara. 
carcass, carcase '(kiir'kas), n. [Early mod. E. 
also carcasse, carkass, carkix, < ME. carkes, car- 
keys, karkeis, carcays : (1) < OF. carcas, carcois, 
also assibilated charcois, charcos, charquois, 
charchois, mod. F. dial, charcois, charquois, m., 
OF. also carquasse, mod. F. carcasse, f., car- 
cass, skeleton, frame, OF. also flesh, = Sp. car- 
casa = Pg. carcassa, carcass, = It. carcassa, f., 
a shell, bomb, skeleton, hulk (ML. carcasium, 
carcoisium, a carcass ; cf . It. carcame, a carcass 
a corrupt form, or diff . word), associated with, 
Carchariidae 
and perhaps derived from (as the 'shell' or 
'case' left by the departed spirit), (2) OF. 
ciiri/iitiix, i-(ir<-t>ix. i-itrqiiiiis, F. i-tin/nntx, in., = 
Sj>. i-iin-iis = \'<f. i-iin-az It. carctixxti. in. (MI,. 
earcuimmin ; Croatian knrkiixh), a quiver, prob. 
a corruption (appar. simulating initially L. 
caro (cam-), flesh ; cf. earr'nni) of ML. liin-tiviiix, 
MGr. Ta/iKiiaitiv, aquiver, = Turk. Hind, liirktmh, 
< Pers. tftrkash, a quiver.] 1. The dead body 
of an animal ; a corpse : not now commonly 
applied to a dead human body, except in con- 
tempt. 
Where ver the carcase is, there will the eagles be 
gathered together. Mat. xxiv. 28. 
Ill-side the path the unbnricd rarcnux lay. 
llr/in/il, The Vges, X. 
2. The body of a living animal, especially of 
a large animal ; in contempt, the human body. 
To pamper his own cari-u**. S'inth, Sermons, IV. ii. 
3. Figuratively, the decaying remains of a 
bulky thing, as of a boat or ship. 
The Goodwins, ... a very dangerous Hat and fatal, 
where the carcases of many a tall ship lie burled. 
slink., M. of V., iii. 1. 
Some ruinous bones . . . and stonie Rcliques of the 
carkasses of more than foure thousand Places and Cities. 
Pttrchas, Pilgrimage, p. 319. 
4. The frame or main parts of a thing unfin- 
ished, or without ornament, as the timber- 
work of a house before it is lathed or plas- 
tered or the floors are laid, or the keel, ribs, 
etc., of a ship. 5. An iron case, shell, or hol- 
low vessel filled with combustible 
and other substances, as gunpow- 
der, saltpeter, sulphur, broken glass, 
turpentine, etc., tnrown from a mor- 
tar or howitzer, and intended to set 
fire to a building, ship, or wooden 
:ass ' defense. It has two or three apertures, 
from which the fire blazes, and is sometimes made to serve 
by its light as a guide in throwing shells. It is some- 
times equipped with pistol-barrels loaded with powder to 
the muzzle, which explode as the composition burns down 
to them. Carcass-flooring, in building, a grated frame 
of timberwork which supports the boarding or Boor- 
boards above and the ceiling below. Carcass-roofing, 
a grated frame of timberwork which spans the building, 
and carries the boarding and other covering. Carcass- 
saw, a kind of tenon-saw, having a backing of metal bent 
over and hammered down to strengthen the back. 
Carcavelhos (kar-ka-val'yos), n. [Pg., < Car- 
cai-elhos, a village in Portugal. Commoner 
forms in England are calcavella and calcavel- 
los.] A sweet wine grown in the district of 
the same name in Portugal. 
carcelaget (kar'se-laj), n. [< OF. carcelage = 
Sp. carcelaje, carceraje = Pg. carceragem, prison 
fees, incarceration, < ML. carcelagium, equiv. 
to carcerarium, prison fees, < L. career, a pris- 
on.] Prison fees. E. Phillips, 1706. 
carcel-lamp (kar-sel'lamp), n. [From the 
name of the inventor.] A lamp in which the 
oil is fed to the wick by means of a pump op- 
erated by clockwork, sometimes used in light- 
houses and as a domestic lamp. 
carceralt, a. [< L. carceralis, < career, a prison, 
= Sicilian Gr. mpKapav.] Of or belonging to a 
prison: as, "carceral endurance," Foxe. 
carceratet (kar'se-rat), v. t. [< LL. carceratus, 
pp. of carcerare, 'imprison, < L. career, prison : 
see carceral. Cf. incarcerate.] To imprison; 
incarcerate. 
carcerular (kar-ser'6-lar), a. [< carcerule + 
-or 2 ; = F. carcerulaire] Pertaining to or re- 
sembling a carcerule. 
carcerule (kar'se-ro'l), re. [= F. carcerule, < 
NL. carcerula, di'in. of L. career, a prison.] In 
bot. : (af) -A- now obsolete name for one of the 
component parts of a schizocarp (which see). 
(6) A dry indehiseent pericarp with several 
cells and many seeds. 
carchariaedian (kar"ka-ri-e'di-an), n. A shark 
of the family Carchariid<e or Galeorhinidce. 
Sir J. Ilichard,ion. 
Carcharias (kar-ka'ri-as), n. [NL., < Gr. nap- 
Xapiac, a kind of shark, so called from its sharp 
or jagged teeth, < wip^apoc, sharp, jagged.] 1. 
The typical genus of selachians of the family 
Carchariidw. 2. Same as Carcharinus. 
Considerable confusion exists concerning the species of 
Carcharias, from the fact that the generic term has been 
used by different authors for greatly different sharks. 
Stand. Sat. Hist., III. 80. 
3. An early name of the genus Odontaspis. 
Bafinesque, 1810. 
carchariid (kar-kar'i-id), n. A shark of the 
family Carchariidu'. 
Carchariidae (kiir-ka-ri'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < 
Carcharias + -ida:.]' A family of anarthrous 
sharks, exemplified by the genus Carcharias, 
