Carchariidae 
to whk-h different limits have been assigned 
bv various ichthyologists, (a) In Giinther's system 
of classification ii i* a r:unily of Selachoidei, charactertad 
bv the nictitating membrane of the eye, the presence of an 
anal tin iiii.l two' developed dorsal tins. (6) By Jordan and 
Gilbert it WHS substituted for OdonftMpitte (which see). 
Carchariinae (kttr'ka-ri-I'nS), . pi. [NL., < 
Carcnarias + -inn:'] In Giiuther's system ot 
classidcation, a subfamily of Curcliarmlie, hav- 
ing the teeth uuicuspid, sharp-edged, smooth 
or sen-ate, and erect or oblique, and the snout 
produced longitudinally. 
Carcharinus (kiir-ka-ri'nus), . [NL., < L. 
careliarus, a kind of shark or dogfish (cf. Gr. 
napxapiac, a kind of shark), < Gr. xapxapof, 
sharp, jagged. Cf. Carcliarias.'] A genus of 
(= L. cancer: see cancer), + -f.oyia, < t.eytiv, 
speak: see -ology.'] That department of zo- 
ology which relates to crustaceans, or crabs, 
shrimps, etc. Also called crustaceology and 
matacostracology. 
carcinoma (kiir-si-no'ina), .; jA. eormnomata 
(-iua-tii). [L. (also in accom. form enneeroma, 
,-<iHcroi>ia)_ (> F. earemome**Bp. Pg. It. carci- 
noma), < Gr. mpidvufia, a cancer, < napiuvaw, af- 
fect with cancer, < napnivoc, a crab, cancer: see 
carcinus and cancer.] A tumor which grows 
more or less rapidly, tends to break down and 
ulcerate in its later stages, propagates itself 
in neighboring or more distant parts, and af- 
ter excision very frequently recurs ; a cancer, 
in the stricter sense of that word. A carci- 
noma is characterized microscopically by trabeeula; and 
nodular masses of cells of epithelial form and origin, 
runnin" in a stroma of tissue of mesoblastlc origin, hev- 
eral types are distinguished: (1) flat-celled eplthelioma; 
(2fcyYim1er"ceHedVpTthelioiua ; (3) simple carcinoma (car- 
cinoma simplex), a variety of glandular carcinoma formma 
Blue Shark (Carcharixia flaucta). 
sharks, of the family aalcorliinida; comprising 
some of the largest and most voracious of sela- 
chians. The blue shark is C. glaucus. Also 
Carcharias. 
The genus Carcharinus embraces the blue sharks, the 
sharks of story. . . . The species of Carcharinus share 
with the species of Carcharodon the name man-eater 
sharks. Stand. Nat. Hut., III. 82. 
carcharioid (kar-kar'i-oid), a. and . [< Gr. 
napxapias, a kind of shark, + ?Mof, shape.] I. 
a. Resembling or having the characters of the 
Carchariida?. 
II. n. A carchariid. 
Carcharodon (kiir-kar'6-don), n. [NL. : see 
aarokarodont.'] A genus of man-eater sharks 
of enormous size and with serrate teeth, ot 
the family Lamnidie. The only species, C. rondeleti, 
attains a length of 40 feet, and is found in all tropical and 
temperate seas. Teeth of extinct members of this genus 
indicate species of still more enormous dimensions. 
carcharodont (kar-kar'o-dont), a. [< NL. car- 
charodon(t-), < Gr. mpxapMar, commonly Kap- 
rapodovc, with sharp or jagged teeth, < napxa- 
poo, sharp, jagged, + Moif (bdovr-) = E. tooA.] 
1 Having compressed trenchant teeth, like 
those of members of the genus Carcharias. 
2. Having acute or pointed teeth: as, all 
snakes are wreharodont," Gunther, Encyc. Brit., 
XX. 432. 
carchesium (kilr-ke'si-um), n. [L., < Gr. , KO/J- 
xyaiov, a drinking-cup, the masthead of a snip.J 
1. PI. carchesia (-&). In classical antiq., a 
drinking-vase, resembling the cantharus, but 
having its bowl narrower in the middle than 
above and below, and its projecting handles 
strengthened by being connected with the 
bowl at about the level of the rim. Also kar- 
chesion. 2. [c/>.] [NL.] A genus of peritn- 
chous ciliate infusorians, of the family Vorti- 
cellidu. The animalcules are associated in den- 
driform colonies. C. polypinum is an example. 
In Carcheniuiii the zooids are united in social tree-like 
clusters, but the muscle of the pedicle does not extend 
through the main trunk; the individuals can withdraw 
themselves to the point of branching of their stock, but 
the colony cannot withdraw itself from its position. 
Stand. Nat. Hwt., I. 45. 
carcini. . Plural of cammw. 
OarcimnSB (kar-si-m'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Car- 
cinus, 2, + -;.] A subfamily of crabs, of t 
family Portunida;, typified by the genus Carci- 
nus. The carapace is but slightly if at all transverse, and 
the chelipeds are rather small. Its best-known repre- 
sentatives belong to the genera Portunus, Camnus and 
Platvowichui, which last includes the lady-crab of the 
United States. See cuts under Carcinus and Platj/miychus. 
carcinoid (kar'si-noid), a. [= F. carcinmde,< 
Gr Kap/civof, a crab, + Mac, shape.] 1. Crab- 
like ; specifically, pertaining to the Carcinoida. 
2 Cancroid; carcinomorphic. 
Carcinoida (kar-si-noi'da), n. pi. [NL.: see 
carcinoid.} In Latreille's system of classifica- 
tion, a section of his Branchiopoda, incongru- 
ously composed of the zoese of various crus- 
taceans, the genera Nebalia, Cuma, Condylura, 
and certain copepods, as Cyclops. [Not now 
in use.] 
carcinological (kar''si-no-loj'i-kal), a. 
cinology + -ical; = Sp. carcinologtco.] Per- 
taining to carcinology. 
carcinologist (kar-si-nol'o-jist), n. [< carci- 
nology + -ist.'] One versed in the science ot 
carcinology. 
The sanction of many eminent carcinalogists. 
Encyc. Bnt., VI. 655. 
carcinology (kar-si-nol'o-ji), . [= F. carci- 
nologie = Sp. carcinologia, < Gr. icap/uvoc, a crab 
cnoma smpex, avj ^i fe i<i.v..." ~~ 
nodular tumors of considerable consistency ; (4) carcinoma 
srirrhosnni, or scirrhous cancer, a variety forming very 
hard nodules of almost the consistency of cartilage; (5) 
carcinoma gelatinosum, or cancer with colloid degenera- 
tion of the epithelial parts ; colloid cancer ; (<!) carcinoma 
nivxomatodes or cancer with the stroma consisting of mu- 
cous tissue ; (7) cylindroma carcinomatodes ; (s) carcinoma 
gigantocellulare; (9) melanocarcinoma. Certain pathol- 
ogbta exclude the epitheliomata from the carcmomata, 
and hold that the latter are not of epithelial origin, but 
are purely a mesoblastic formation. Some, again, founding 
the definition of carcinomata entirely on anatomical fea- 
tures, Independently of histogenetlc considerations, in 
elude in them the sarcomata alveolaria. i he softer ca 
nomata are as a rule the more rapidly fatal. The earlier 
a cancer is removed, the greater is the prolongation of 1 
and the chance of escaping a return See ci/Kiirfnmw, 
epithelimna, sarcoma. Alveolar carcinoma. See aim 
carcinomatous (kar-si-nom'a-tus), a. [< car- 
cinoma^-) + -ous; = F. carcinomateiix = Pg. 
carcinomatoso.] Pertaining to carcinoma ; can- 
cerous; like a cancer, or tending to become 
Carcinomorpha (kar"si-no-m6r'fa), n. pi. 
[NL., < Gr. Kiipulvof, a crab, + /Jop<t>?/, form.J In 
Huxley's system of classification, the cancroid 
or carcinoid crustaceans, as crabs and orab- 
like, short-tailed, 10-footed, stalked-eyed crus- 
taceans. It is nearly the same as Brachyura in an or- 
dinary sense, but includes such forms as Ramna, Hmnola, 
and Dnnnia. A . r . 
carcinomorphic(kar"si-no-mor fik), a. [As 
Carcinomorpha + -ic.~\ Carcinoid or cancroid; 
specifically, of or pertaining to the Carcino- 
morpha. , 
carcinophagOUS (kar-si-nof'a-gus), fl. [< Gr. 
KapKivof, a crab, + ^elv, eat.] Eating crabs 
and other crustaceans ; cancrivorous. 
carcinus (kar'si-nus), n. ; pi. carcini (-m). [NL., 
< Gr. Kapwvof, a crab, cancer, = L. cancer : see 
cancer. Cf. carcinoma.] 1. In pattiol, a can- 
cer or carcinoma. 2. [cap.'] In zool., a ge- 
card 
lie is the card or calendar of gentry. 
,s'Afc., Hamlet, v. 2. 
2. A piece of thick paper or pasteboard pre- 
pared for various purposes, specifically (o) A 
piece of cardboard on which arc various figures, spots, 
names, etc., used in playing games; especially, one of a 
set of 52 such pieces of cardboard (distinctively called 
fiaying-cardt) arranged in 4 suits of 13, each suitcunsist- 
iM" of 10 pieces on which are printed colored spots varying 
[n number from 1 to 10, different in form in the different 
suits and called spades, clubs, diamonds, and hearts, ac- 
cording to their shape, and 3 face-cards, called the king 
queen, and knave or jack. The color of the spades and 
clubs is black ; that of the diamonds and hearts, red. An 
additional card, the joker, is sometimes used in euchre. 
See fut-lin', tchixt, etc. 
Sche seyd that ther wer non dy^ysyii^s, ner harpyug, 
tier lutyug, uer syngyn, ner non lowde dysports, but 
plcyngat the taby'llys, and scheaw, aodcai^f. 
Pa*t"n IK-HI' i: led. lbi;>), III. 314. 
The European worhl is, I think, here at an end : there 
is surely no card left to play. 
Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, vi. 
(M A piece of cardboard on which is written or printed 
the name or the name, address, etc., of the person pre- 
senting it, as in making a social visit, announcing the 
nature and place of one's business, etc. Cards intended 
for the former use are called viritiny-cardx, and for the 
latter business cords, (c) A paper on which the points of 
the compass are marked : used with a movable magnetic 
needle to form a compass. See cuiujpam and compost-card. 
All the quarters that they know 
I' the shipman's card. Shak., Macbeth, i. 3. 
The card of goodness in your minds, that shews ye 
When ye sail false ; the needle touch'd with honour, 
That through the blackest storm still points at happiness. 
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, ill. 2. 
On life's vast ocean diversely we sail, 
Green Crab {Carcinus marnas). 
Reason the card, but passion is the gale. 
Pope, Essay on Man, n. 108. 
(d) A piece of pasteboard or heavy note-paper on which is 
written or printed an invitation to a public or private 
entertainment, especially an invitation to or announce- 
ment of a wedding. 
3 A short advertisement of one's business, or 
a 'personal statement of any kind, in a news- 
paper or other periodical. 4. Anything re- 
sembling a card in shape or use : as, a card of 
matches; "cards of yellow gingerbread," 11. T. 
Cooke, Somebody's Neighbors, p. 393. 5. A 
frame filled with honeycomb ; a sheet of honey- 
comb. Phin, Diet. Apiculture, p. 20. 6. Aper- 
forated sheet of cardboard or metal, used in a 
Jacquard loom as a guide for the threads in 
weaving a pattern. 7. An eccentric person, 
or any one who has some notable peculiarity ; 
a character. [Slang.] 
A card in our Northern parts signifies a brawling vaga- 
bond. Goldsmith, Works (ed. 1885), IV. 454. 
Such an old card as this, so deep, so sly. Dicken*. 
Commanding cards, in whist and other games, the best 
cards unplayed in their respective suits. Cooling carat, 
probably, a card the playing of which is so decisive of the 
game as to cool the courage of the adversary; hence figura- 
tively, something to damp one's hopes or ardor. Other ex- 
planations are given. 
There all is marr'd ; there lies a cooling card. 
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. ... 
These hot youths, 
I fear, will find a cooling card. 
Beau, and Fl., Island Princess, i. 3. 
On the cards publicly made known as likely to take place : 
said in reference to "events" in horse-racing, as inscribed 
or written down in proper form ; hence anything likely 
or possible to happen : as, it is quite on the cords that the 
ministry may go out. To call a card. See coi , . TO 
speak by the card, to speak with precision, as from exact 
information. 
We must speak by the card, or eall '^ ltl j > 1 I ! ll "' 1 1 " t u " j 
cardH (kard), r. t. [< ME. "cardeii (in verbal n. 
cardying, cardinge, cardyng) ; from the noun.J 
To play at cards. 
nus of brachyurous decapod crustaceans ; the 
shore-crabs. C. maenas, the green crab, is a very com- 
mon British species of small size, much used for food. 
car-COUpling (kar'kup"ling), n. An arrange- 
ment for connecting the cars of a railroad- 
train. See coupling. 
cardi (kard), n. [< ME. card = D. kaart = G. 
karte = Dan. kort, a card, a map, = w. kort, 
a card, karta, a chart, < F. carte, a card, ticket, 
bill, map, chart, = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. carta, < ML. 
carta, also charta, a card, paper, a writing, 
chart, charter, < L. charta, a leaf of paper, pa- 
per, a writing, a tablet, < Gr. x&m, also xapr w , 
. a leaf of paper, a separated layer of the papyrus- 
. bark, any thin leaf or sheet, as of lead, bee 
chart, a doublet of carrfl, an d cartel, charter, 
etc.] If. A paper; a writing; a chart; a map. 
I haue caused that your Lordship shall receiue herewith 
a little Mappe or Carde of the world 
Hakluyt s Voyages, I. 215. 
The places are Hodon and Coron, which are but twelve 
miles distant the one from the other; and do stand in 
our way to Scio, as you may plainly see by the card 
Campion, in Arber s Eng. Garner, I. M. 
in [< ME. carde = L . 
"MLG fcate'=OHG. karta, chartu, MHG. karte, 
G. karde, dial, kardcl, kartel = Dim. karte, karde 
= Sw. karda (cf. Icel. karri) = F. carde = Sp. 
Pg. cartta = It. cardo, a card (cf. Pr. bp. Pg. It. 
cardo, a thistle; cf. F. chardou, a plant the 
head of which is used as a flax-comb, G-*fj 
dcndistel (also kardetschdistcl), the thistle which 
is used as a flax-comb: see cardoon), < ML. car- 
dus, a thistle, a card, for L. carduus, a thistle 
(used for carding), < carere, card; cf. Gr. MI pen, 
shear, = E.sftear.] 1. A brush with wire teeth, 
usea in disentangling fibers of wool, flax, or 
cotton, and laying them parallel to one another 
preparatory to spinning. In hand-cards the wires 
re Sort and are passed slantingly through leather, which 
is then nailed upon a board. Two of these brushes aie 
used, one in each hand, and in use are drawn past each 
her the fibers being between them. In the carding- 
nichine which h as superseded hand-carding, the. cards 
art formed by hard-drawn wire staples each ft"*''* 
two teeth drawn through leather and bent at a certain 
angle. The material thus prepared is called card-clothmg. 
See canling-iuachinf. , 
2. A carding-machine. 3. A currycomb made 
from a piece of card-clothing. 
