Cardiidae 
Cardiidse (kiir-di'i-do), n. pi. [NL., < Cardi- 
um + -idee."] The family of cockles, typified 
by the genus Cttnlium. It is a group of siphonate 
headless mollusks or tracheate lamellibranchs, consisting 
of the cockles and their allies, having eiiuivalve convex 
shells, with prominent umbones or beaks curved toward 
the hinge, whirh, vie\\ eil siik-wise, give a heart-shaped fig- 
ure. See Cardinal. Other forms are Cardiacece, Cardiadce, 
820 
cardinal (kar'di-nal), a. and . [I. a. < ME. 
cardinal 1 ). karilinaal = G. Dan. Sw. Jcardinal- 
(used only in comp.) = F. cardinal = Pr. cardi- 
nal = Sp. cardinal = Pg. cardeal = It. cardinale, 
important, chief, < L. Cardinalis, pertaining to 
a hinge, hence applied to that on which some- 
thing turns or depends, important, principal, 
chief (cf. a somewhat similar use of E. pivotal). 
II. n. < ME. cardinal, cardinal (after OF.), late 
AS. cardinal = D. kardinaal = MHG. kardendl, 
G. kardinal Dan. Sw. "kardinal = OF. cardi- 
nal, cardenal, F. cardinal = Pr. Sp. cardenal 
= Pg. cardeal = It. cardinale = Russ. kardinalu, 
< ML. cardinalis, & chief presbyter, a cardinal, 
from the adj. ; < L. cardo (cardin-), a hinge ; cf . 
Gr. KpaSav, swing.] I. a. 1. Of, pertaining 
to, or of the nature of a hinge ; noting that on 
which something else hinges or depends ; hence, 
chief; fundamental; preeminent; of special im- 
portance: as, cardinal virtues or sins; the car- 
dinal doctrines of a creed; the cardinal points. 
Thise uour uirtues byeth y-cleped cardinals, uor thet hi 
byeth heghest amang the uirtues, huer-of the yealde [old] 
fllosofes speke. AyenbUe of Inwit (E. E. T. S.), p. 124. 
Every man gradually learns an art of catching at the 
leading words, and the cardinal or hinge-joints of transi- 
tion, which proclaim the general course of a writer's specu- 
lation. De Quincey, Style, i. 
Even in societies like our own, there is maintained in 
the army the doctrine that insubordination is the cardinal 
offence. //. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., 6.T2. 
2. In conch., of or relating to the hinge of a bi- 
valve shell: as, cardinal teeth. 3. In entom., 
pertaining to the cardo or base of the maxilla, 
which is sometimes called the cardinal piece. 
4. [See II., 3.] Of a rich deep-red color, some- 
what less vivid than scarlet Cardinal abbot. See 
abbot. Cardinal bishop, priest, deacon. See II., l. 
Cardinal finch, cardinal grosbeak. See cardinal- 
bird. Cardinal margin, the upper margin or hinge of 
a bivalve shell, containing the teeth. Cardinal num- 
bers, the numbers one, two, three, etc., in distinction from 
firttt, second, third, etc., which are called ordinal numbers. 
Cardinal points, (a) In aeor/., north and south, east 
and west, or the four intersections of the horizon with the 
meridian and the prime vertical circle. (6) In atttrol., the 
rising and setting of the sun, the zenith, and the nadir. 
Cardinal redbird. See cardinal-bird. Cardinal signs, 
in axtron., Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. Cardi- 
nal tanager, a north American tanager of the genus Pi- 
raitga, as the scarlet tanager or the summer redbird, P. 
rubra or P. ozxtiva : so called from the red color. Cardi- 
nal teeth, the hinge-teeth of a bivalve close to the um- 
bones, as distinguished from those further away, called the 
lateral teeth. See cut under bivalve. Cardinal trilost, 
a local English (Cornwall) name of sting-rays with two 
spines. See trilost. ~ Cardinal Virtues, the most impor- 
tant elements of good character; specifically, in ancient 
philosophy, justice, prudence, temperance, and fortitude. 
As there are four cardinal virtues, upon which the 
whole frame of the court doth move, so are these the 
four cardinal properties, without which the body of com- 
pliment moveth not. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3. 
Cardinal winds, those which blow from the cardinal 
points. 
II. n. 1. In the Bom. Cath. Ch., a member 
of the Sacred College, a body of ecclesiastics 
who rank in dignity next to the pope and act as 
his counselors in the government of the church. 
In case of a vacancy in the papal office they maintain order 
in the church and protect its interests till a new pope is 
elected by themselves from their own number. They are 
appointed by the pope, and are divided into three classes 
or orders, called in i\\\\ cardinal bishops (6), cardinal priests 
(50), and cardinal deacons (14). A cardinal priest may be 
a bishop or an arch- 
bishop, and a car- 
dinal deacon may 
be of any ecclesias- 
tical grade below 
bishop. The college 
of cardinals is sel- 
dom full, vacancies 
nearly always exist- 
ing. The dress of a 
cardinal is a red 
soutane or cassock, 
a rochet, a short 
purple mantle, and 
a low-crowned, 
broad-brimmed red 
hat (not actually 
worn), with two 
cords depending 
from it, one from 
either side, each 
Cardinal's Hat used heroically as part of SS^SSLto 
the armonal achievement of a cardinal. eisaiusexiremuy. 
2. A cloak, ori- 
ginally of scarlet cloth, with a hood, much worn 
by women at the beginning of the eighteenth 
century: so named from its similarity in shape 
and color to one of the vestments of a cardinal. 
At a later period the material as well as the color \ iirieil. 
Malcolm, writing in 1807, says the cardinal was almost 
always of blaek silk richly laced. See mozetta. 
Sir, I must take leave of my mistress ; she has valuables 
of mine : besides, my cardinal and veil are in her room. 
Sheridan, The Duenna, i. 3. 
3. A rich deep-red color, somewhat less vivid 
than scarlet : named from the color of the vesfr- 
ments of a cardinal. 4. A hot drink similar 
to bishop, but usually made with claret instead 
of port, of which bishop is compounded. 5. 
Tn ornith. : (a) A bird of the genus Cardinalis 
(which see), as the cardinal redbird, Cardinalis 
virginianus, and some related species, as C. ig- 
ncus and others. (6) A name applied to sev- 
eral other crested finches of America, as the 
species of the genus 1'aroaria, and the Guver- 
natrix cristatclla. Cardinal's hat, in tier. See hat, 
and cut above. Texas cardinal, Fyrrhuloxia sinuata. 
See Pyrrhuloxia. 
cardiiialate 1 (kiir'di-nal-at), n. [= D. lardimi- 
laat = F. cardinalat = Sp. cardenalato = Pg. 
cardinalado, cardealado = It. cardinalato, < ML. 
cardinalatus. < Cardinalis, a cardinal: see cardi- 
nal and -oteS.] The office, rank, dignity, or in- 
cumbency of a cardinal. Also cardinalship. 
An old friend of his was advanced to a cardinalate. 
Sir R. L' Estrange. 
Beaufort had made the great mistake of his life in 1426, 
in accepting the cardinalate. Stubbs, Const. Hist., I 057. 
cardinalate 2 ! (kar'di-nal-at), v. t. [< cardinal, 
n., + -ate 2 .] To make a cardinal of ; raise to 
the office of cardinal. lip. Hall. 
cardinal-bird (kar'di-nal-berd), n. The cardi- 
nal, cardinal grosbeak, or cardinal redbird, Car- 
dina/is rirginianus, an oscine passerine bird of 
the family Fringillidw, called by Cuvier the car- 
dinal finch. It is from 8 to 9 inches in length, and of a 
fine red color, including the bill, the female being duller 
in color than the male. Its face is black and the head 
crested. It is sometimes called the Virginia wlgAttitqtUt, 
on account of its song, and also scarlet grosbeak. It is 
common in many parts of the United States, especially in 
the south. The name is extended to other species of the 
genus Cardinalis and to some related genera. See car- 
dinal, n., 6. See cut under Cardinalis. 
cardinal-flower (kar'di-ual-flou''er), n. The 
name commonly given to Lobelia Cardinalis, 
because of its large, very showy, intensely red 
flowers : it is a native of North America, and 
is often cultivated in gardens. A similar species, 
L. syphilitica, with bright- blue flowers, is sometimes called 
blue cardinal-Jloiver. 
When fades the cardinal-Jloiver, whose heart-red bloom 
Glows like a living coal upon the green 
Of the midsummer meadows. 
R. W. Gilder, An Autumn Meditation. 
Cardinalis (kar-di-na'lis), n. [NL. : see cardi- 
nal] 1. A genus of cardinal-birds, or cardinal 
cardiogmus 
Shrimps, lobsters, crabs, and cray-fishes, which are car- 
(l/nnlizi'd with boiling. Urqukart, tr. of Rabelais, i. 39. 
cardinal-red (kiir'di-nal-red), a. Of a cardinal 
color. 
cardinalship (kiir'di-nal-ship), n. [< cardinal 
+ -ship.} Same as cardinalate 1 . Bp. Hall. 
cardines, n. Plural of cat-do. 
cardingH (kar'ding), n. [< ME. cardyng; ver- 
bal n. of card 1 , r.] Card-playing. 
Use not dyceing nor carding ; the more yow use them 
the lease yow wil be esteemed. 
tiabees Honk (E. E. T. S.), p. 360. 
My Lord is little at home, minds his carding and little 
else, takes little notice of any body. J'pjn/ti, Diary, II, 113. 
carding- (kar'ding), n. [< ME. cardyng ; ver- 
bal n. of card?, r.] 1. The process of comb- 
ing wool, flax, or cotton. 2. A loose roll of 
cotton or wool as it comes from a carding-ma- 
chine : chiefly in the plural. 
The motion thus communicated to the carding twisted 
it spirally ; when twisted it was wound upon the spindle ; 
another carding was attached to it, drawn ontand twisted. 
A. Barlow, Weaving, p. 384. 
carding-T)ee, . See carder-bee. 
carding-engine (kar'ding-en-'jin), n. Same as 
carding-machine (kar'ding-ma-shen / '), n. A 
machine for carding fibers of wool, flax, or 
cotton, preparatory to drawing and spinning. 
In the earlier caniing-machines the fibers were fed by 
hand to a cylinder upon which card-clothing was laid in 
strips parallel to the axis, and were removed from iii> < 
Cardinal-bird ( Cardinalis virginianus). 
grosbeaks, of the family Fringillida;, having red 
as the chief color. The bill is stout, conical, and red, 
the wings are very short and rounded, and the tail is 
rounded and longer than the wings. It includes several 
species of the wanner parts of America. See cardinal, n. , 
5, and cardinal-bird. 
2. [i.e.] In brachiopods, a muscle which opens 
the shell. 
cardinalitial (kar < 'di-na-lish'ial), a. [< cardi- 
nal + -itial. Cf. Sp. cdrdenalicio = Pg. cardi- 
nalicio = It. cardinalizio.~\ Of or pertaining to 
a cardinal ; of the rank of a cardinal. [Rare. ] 
Raised him to the cardinalitial dignity. 
Card. Wiseman, Lives of the Last Four Popes. 
cardinalize (kar'di-nal-Iz), v. t. [< cardinal + 
-i;c; = F. cardinaliser = Sp. cardenalizar."] 1. 
To make a cardinal of . Sheldon. [Rare.] 2. 
To make cardinal in color. [Rare. ] 
Carding-machine. 
-/, main cylinder; D, K.F, G, toothed rollers : I, bearings; A", roller; 
L, toothed drum, or doffer. 
strips by hand as they became full. In modern cotton- 
carding machines a loose roll of fibers, called a lap, is 
placed in guides and rests upon a roller, which as it re- 
volves unwinds tile lap and delivers it to the feed-roll, on 
passing through which it is seized by the card-teeth u|wm 
a small cylinder, called the Heter-iu, from which it is 
drawn by the teeth of the clothing of the main cylinder. 
Other small cylinders successively remove the fibers 
from and deliver them to the main cylinder. The tufts, 
tangles, or knots which are not loosened by the action of 
these cylinders project beyond the teeth of the main cylin- 
der, aiuLare caught by the teeth of a succession of wooden 
slats called card-tops, top-cards, or tup-Jkitu, from which 
they are cleared or stripped by hand or by mechanical de- 
vices. The fibers upon the main cylinder ore laid parallel 
upon it, and are removed by means of the doffer, a cylin- 
der moving in an opposite direction from the main cylin- 
der and at a very much slower rate, and whose whole sur- 
face is covered by card-clothing. The cotton is stripped 
from the doffer in a thin continuous sheet of its full width, 
by means of a comb vibrating vertically in contact with 
the teeth of the doffer. This sheet of fibers is drawn to- 
gether into a ribbon, traverses a funnel or trumpet, and is 
passed between successive pairs of rolls, which draw out 
and condense the sliver, and finally deliver it into the can 
ready for the drawing-frame, where it is doubled and 
drawn preparatory to twisting or spinning. For fine work, 
the operation of carding is repeated. The preparatory 
card or cards are called breakers, and those machines on 
which the carding is completed are called finishers. The 
principle of the wool-carding machine is identical with 
that of the cotton-carding machine, and it is chiefly distin- 
guished from the latter by agreat number of small cylinders 
called urchins, which work in pairs and are called workers 
and cleaners. The worker is the larger of the two ; it strips 
the wool from the large main cylinder, and is itself clean- 
ed by the smaller cylinder or cleaner, which delivers the 
wool back to the main cylinder, when it is again seized 
by the next worker. Wool-fibers are oiled to facilitate 
carding and to prevent felting. 
cardio-. [NL.. etc., cardio-, sometimes less 
prop, cardia-, < Gr. Kapoto-, combining form of 
Kapoia = E. heart.] An element in some words 
of Greek origin, meaning heart. 
cardiocele (kar'di-o-sel), n. [< Gr. Kap6ia, = 
E. heart, + K//?J/, tumor.] In pathol., the pro- 
trusion of the heart through a wound of the 
diaphragm. 
cardiocentesis (kar"di-o-sen-te'sis), n. [NL., < 
Gr. Kapfiia, = E. heart, + nevn/mf, a pricking, < 
KEvrelv, prick, puncture: see center."} In thera- 
peutics, intentional puncture of the walls of 
the heart, as for the purpose of aspiration. 
Another form is cardicentesis. 
cardiodynia (ka^'di-fl-dhi'l-a), . [NL., < Gr. 
Kapdia, = E. heart, +' b6vvri, pain.] In pathol., 
pain in the heart. 
cardiogmust, . [NL., < Gr. Kapdia, = E. heart, 
+ oj,uof, a furrow.] In pathol., cardialgia; 
