case 
being carried tu Ciilui (in 1839) rose against their captors, 
took possession of tin- vessel, and after changing her comse 
were taken hy a United States vessel off the American coast. 
The courts held that they were free, ami not ptataorrob 
hers. Bankers' case, or case of the bankers, thepcti- 
tion of Horublee ami otlu-rs to the baron* ol the exchequer 
in 101)1 (14 How. St. Tr., 1) for the payment of certain an- 
unities granted by Charles II. to repay money originally 
loaned to him on the security of the revenue*. l)n ap- 
peal, tin- House of Lords decided that the ({rant was hind- 
lag upon his successor, and continued a charge upon the 
revenue. Bates's case, an Knglish prosecution (Hinti) 
of a iiierehant, in which the claim of James I. to impose 
duties as a personal prerogative \\ as sustained: a i|ues- 
tion afterward settled the other way under Cromwell. 
Also called the ciiif <>( tin: iiniuititiuii*. Bradlaugh's 
Case, a prolonged controversy (1881-8(1) over the claim 
of Charles I'.radlaugh () to take a seat in the House of 
Commons without taking the oath required of monben, 
he declaring that he did not acknowledge or believe in its 
obligation; and later (li) to liav.- the oath administered. 
Two uotahlf legal decisions were reached in the eourse of 
the controversy. In 1S-.4 (12 Law Hep., y. 1!. !>., 271), In 
the case of Charles liradlaugh r. Kraneis K. (iossett, ser- 
geant-at-arms of the House of Commons, ari.ing out of 
a resolution excluding plaintiff from the lluu.sc> until lie 
should engage not to disturb its proceeding's liy demand- 
ing to take tl ath as a member, it was held that courts 
cannot control the House in its administration of laws re- 
lating merely to its internal procedure, UMI- inquire into 
the propriety of a resolution restraining a member from 
doing in the House what he had a lawful right to do, 
and that action will not lie against the serjeant-at-arms 
for obeying such resolution. In 18S5 (14 Law Hep., IJ. 
B. D., 807), In the Court of Appeal, the ease of the At- 
torney-Co-ner.d r. Bradlaugh, for penalties under the Par- 
liamentary Oaths Act, for voting in the House without 
having been sworn as a member, it was decided that a 
Tiiriuorr who does not believe ill a .Supreme Being, and 
upon whom an oath is binding only as a promise, is in- 
capable of taking the prescribed oath ; hut. if he goes 
through the form of taking it (as liradlaugh did by ad- 
ministering the oath to himself at the bar of the House), 
he is liable for violation of the act. Burr's case, the 
prosecution of Aaron Burr for treason against the United 
States, tried before Chief Justice Marshall in 1807. Cal- 
vin's case, also called the caw of the fOttnati, 1808(2 How. 
St. Tr., 559; 7 Coke, 1), an action turning on questions of 
allegiance and natural-born subjects. It was brought to 
recover lands by Roliert Calvin against Richard and Nich- 
olas Smith, to which defendants pleaded that the plaintiff 
was an alien, and incapable of bringing the action, because 
he was born in Scotland, though after the crown of Eng- 
land descended to James I., who was also king of Scot- 
land. It was argued by lawyers and judges of the great- 
est renown including Lords Bacon, Coke, Ellesmerc, Yel- 
verton, and Warburton, and was decided in favor of the 
plaintiff. Case agreed, or case stated, in late, a state- 
ment of facts agreed on by the parties, or made by an- 
other court, to be submitted merely for decision of a 
point of law. - Case law. See Um. Case of conscience. 
See conscience. Case Of the Caroline, a name given to 
the case of the i'eople r. McLeod. See McLeod cane, be- 
low. Case of the nla.ltna.nt See Tichborne cane, be- 
low. Case of the seven bishops. See bishop. Case 
reserved, case made, a statement presenting points of 
law reserved by the judge or parties for decision by the full 
court. Civil rights cases. See civil. Clinton bridge 
case, an important litigation in the United States Su- 
preme Court (1870), which established the doctrine by 
which railroad bridges may be said to have gained clear 
recognition of their rights of way in preference to the nav- 
igable waters crossed by them, through the power of Con- 
gress to regulate inter-state commerce. Criminal cases. 
See criminal. Crown cases reserved. See croum. 
Darnell's case, a noted case in English constitutional 
law (1627), in which the imprisonment of Sir Thomas Dar- 
nell and four others, for refusing to subscribe to a forced 
loan, was sanctioned, the agitation resulting from which 
was followed by the granting of the Petition of Right. 
Dartmouth College case, the leading American case 
(1819) on the vested rights of corporations, reported as 
Trustees of Dartmouth College i?. Woodward (4 Wheaton, 
518), deciding that a corporate charter, even though it be 
a British charter granted before the revolution, cannot 
be materially altered by a State legislature, it being a con- 
tract within the meaning of the provision of the United 
States Constitution which deprives the States of the power 
to impair the obligation of a contract. Dr. Bonham's 
case, an important decision upon English constitutional 
law, rendered in 1609, in the case of Thomas Bonham v. 
the College of Physicians (8 Coke, 107), for false imprison- 
ment. It was held that an act of Parliament which is 
against common right and reason, or is impossible to 
be performed, is void by the common law ; also, that 
where the power to commit to prison is vested by patent 
or act of Parliament in parties not being a court, their 
proceedings ought to be of record, and the facts upon 
which such power is exercised are traversable. Dred 
Scott case, a case of great historical importance among 
the events which preceded the abolition of slavery in the 
United States, in which the Supreme Court held (In 1857) 
that a free negro of slave ancestry was not a citizen, and 
could not sue or be protected as sueh in the United States 
courts. The statement that the Africans in America had 
long been considered a subordinate race having "no rights 
which the white man is bound to respect," which was con- 
tained in the opinion of the chief justice, gained universal 
attention as a point of attack in the controversy alwut slav- 
ery. Five per cent, cases, a decision of the United States 
Supreme Court in 1884 (110 U. S., 471), holding that an act 
of Congress by which a percentage of the proceeds of land 
'sold by Congress" is reserved to certain public uses of a 
State does not include lands disposed of by the United States 
in satisfaction of military land-warrants. General case, 
in mnlh., that special state of things which is considered 
when, in studying an analytical expression, it is assumed 
that there is no peculiar relation between the constants 
denoted by letters. The general case may be very excep- 
tional. Thus, in linear associative algebra, in the general 
case the vanishing of a product implies the vanishing of 
one of the factors, yet among the innumerable possible 
algebras there are but three in which uch an inference is 
841 
valid. Hampden's case, see <*< >if *it'->n<>i'ii, under 
.v/*'/<-i/ioM.-y. In case, in the event or contingency ; jf jt 
should so fall out or happen that ; supposing. 
A sure retreat to his forces, in crw they should have an 
ill day or an unlucky chance in the Held. 
Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII. 
Irreducible case, in math., the ease In which a cubic 
equation has three real roots, when Cardans method of 
solution involves imaginarie.s. -Kendall's case, a ted 
sion of the I'mied Mates Supreme Court (1SU>), noted in 
American constitutional law, that the court may compel a 
cabinet officer to perform a ministerial duty. Koszta'S 
C3.se, the facts and resulting diplomatic OOTTBfpODdencfl 
(185:)) by which the United States government maintained 
the claim that Martin Kos/ta. a native of Hungary, was 
entitled to protection as an American citizen from sei- 
zure by the Austrian government while in Turkish juris- 
diction, he having previously legally declared his intention 
to become an American citizen.- Marbury's case, a deci- 
sion of the United States Supreme c -1(1*0:!), noted in 
American constitutional history, which established tlie 
power of that court to declare an act of Congress void for 
contravening the United States Constitution, and defined 
the extent to which members of the cabinet are amenable 
to the courts. McLeod case, a controversy between the 
United States and Canada, arising out of the incident of 
the destruction of the American steamer Caroline by the 
Canadian authorities (1887), in the course of which a man 
was kilted. McLeod was arrested as one of the attacking 
party, and was indicted (1841) in New York State for mur- 
der ; but he proved an alibi, and was acquitted. Also called 
the case of the Caroliiv. Negro case. See Xiimiuermtt'ii 
cane, below. Shelley's case, the decision in 1581 (1 Coke, 
89-106), by all the lodge! of England, of the case of Nicho- 
las Wolfe against Henry Shelley, in ejectment, involving 
questions upon the law of common recoveries. It is chiefly 
celebrated for a precise and clear statement by defendant's 
counsel of a previously well-established rnle of law concern- 
ing the effect of the word " heirs " in certain conveyances, 
since known as the rule in Shelley's case. This rule, which 
is now regarded as a rule of interpretation rather than a 
rule of law, is to the effect that wherever there is a limi- 
tation to a man, which if it stood alone would convey to 
him a particular estate of freehold, followed by a limita- 
tion to his heirs or to the heirs of his body (or equivalent 
expressions), either immediately or after the interposition 
of one or more particular estates, the apparent gift to the 
heir or heirs of the body is to be construed as a limitation of 
the estate ; that is to say, not a gift to the heir, but a gift to 
the person first named of an estate of inheritance, such as 
his heir may take by descent. Sommersett's case, a fa- 
mous habeas corpus case in England in 1772, before Lord 
Mansfield, brought on Iwhalf of Thomas Sommersett, a ne- 
gro. It established the principle that a slave brought upon 
English soil became thereby free. Also called the wyro case. 
Special case, a statement of facts agreed to on behalf 
of two or more litigant parties, and submitted for the 
opinion of a court of justice as tj> the law bearing on the 
facts so stated. In Scots law, in civil jury causes, a special 
case differs from a special verdict only in this, that the 
special verdict is returned by the jury, whereas the spe- 
cial case is adjusted by the parties themselves, or by their 
counsel, and sets forth the special facU on which they 
are agreed without the evidence. Taltarum'8 case, a 
noted decision in the English courts in 1473, establishing 
the power of a tenant in tail to convert the estate into a 
fee simple absolute by suffering a common recovery. 
Tennessee bond cases, a name given to seventeen causes 
decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1885 (114 
U. 8. Sup. Ct.,663), wherein it was held that the statutory 
lien upon railroads created by act of the Tennessee Legis- 
lature, Feb. llth, 1852, was for the benefit of the State, and 
not of the holders of State bonds issued under that act. 
Tichborne case, also called the cane of the claimant, 
the name given to the history and proceedings of Thomas 
Castro, otherwise Arthur Orton, in his claim to be Sir 
Roger Tichborne, and heir to the estate and baronetcy of 
Tichborne in England (1868-74), which he prosecuted by 
suits in Chancery and in the Courts of Probate and of 
Common Pleas, and which culminated in his trial and 
sentence to fourteen years' imprisonment for perjury. 
The case is celebrated for the conflicting nature of the 
testimony as to his identity, and for the great public 
interest excited by it. To put the case, to suppose the 
event or a certain state of things ; state a question, espe- 
cially in a manner to invite decision. Tweed's case, the 
proceedings against William M. Tweed and others, known 
as the Tweed Ring, for frauds perpetrated while they 
were municipal officers of New York, by which they ob- 
tained over six million dollars from the county of New 
York. In a civil case it was decided by the Court of Appeals 
of New York in 1874 (People v. Ingersoll, 58 N. Y., 1) that 
an action for money fraudulently obtained from a county 
could not be brought in the name of the people of the State. 
This was subsequently remedied by statute, and a judg- 
ment obtained. In a criminal case, Tweed was found guilty 
on twelve counts for similar offenses in one indictment, 
and was separately sentenced to one year's imprisonment 
on each, with the direction that service of one sentence 
should not begin until the completion of service on a 
prior sentence. After completing the term of his first 
sentence, a writ of habeas corpus was served on his 
jailer, and the Court of Appeals in 1875 (People ex rel. 
Tweed t>. Liscomb, 60 N. Y., 559) decided that, under the 
statutes conferring the power to sentence, cumulative sen- 
tences in such cases were not lawful, and discharged him ; 
but he was immediately imprisoned in default of bail in 
preceding civil suits. Other minor decisions on questions 
of procedure are also included under this term. Twyne's 
case, the leading case in English law (1603) holding that a 
conveyance intended to defraud creditors is void as against 
them, if not taken in good faith and for valuable consid- 
eration. Tyrrel's case, a noted decision in English law 
(1558), in which after Parliament, by the statute of uses, 
had thought to put an end to the holding of land in the 
name of one person to the use of another, the courts intro- 
duced the doctrine of a use upon a use, leading to the pres- 
ent law of trusts. Virginia coupon cases, the generic 
name under which are known a number of suits determined 
by the United States Supreme Court in 1884, enforcing a 
Virginia statute which declared coupons on bonds of that 
State receivable in payment of State taxes, notwithstanding 
case 
the repeal of that statute. -Wheeling bridge case, the 
case of Pennsylvania p. \N I" ' ling and Belmont l-n>i: 
decided by the 1 nited states supreme Court (in I 1 -;,! and 
18.',f>), concerning a railroad bridge across the Ohio river 
at Wheeling, Virginia. After holding in Is.'d (i:i How., .lib), 
by a divided court, that a bridge, though entirely w ithiu 
the jurisdiction of the state that autl nstrue- 
tion, conld lie enjoined as a nni-ance by the courts of the 
United States if it obstructed inter-i .n, the 
court held in I- 1- How., J-_'l) that Congre . under Un- 
constitutional power to regulate conmn T,-C betw, , n the 
State-, may determine what shall or shall not In d 
an obstruction to navigation, ami may declare a bridge, 
when erected, to be a lawful structure so as to avoid the 
effect of its having been judicially declared a nuisance. 
Wlld'S Case, an I'.nglish decision, in Ifi'.f.i (D Co. Hep., Hi 
It), in the case of Kiehardson ('. Yardley, in cje. tnicnt : |0 
called because involving a dc\i>e to one Kouland Wild, 
which established file rule for the construction of wills 
known as the rule in Wild's case, viz., " that if A devises 
his lands to I', and his children or issues, and he hath not 
any issue at the time of the devise, that the same is an 
estate tafl."=Syn. Situation, condition, state, circum- 
stances, plight, predicament. 
case't (kits), r. i, [< etuie 1 , .] To put casetc 
bring forward propositions. 
They fell presently to reasoning and cfiriny upon the 
matter with him, and laying distinctions before him. 
tiif 11. I. Kt,'ii,i'i- . 
case- (kas), n. [< ME. casse, knee = D. kan =. G. 
kusse = Sw. kassa = Dan. kasxe, < OF. casse (F. 
casse, a chase, caisse, a case, also ehdsse, a chase, 
shrine) = Pr. cayssa, caixsa = Cat. capsa = Sp. 
coja, obs. cam = Pg. cnixa, obs. caxa = It. cas- 
sa, < L. cn/isrt, a chest, box, receptacle, < ca- 
]>ere, receive, contain, hold: see capable, cafia- 
cioim. The same word, in later forms, appears 
as cas)fi and chase' 2 .'} 1. That which incloses 
or contains; a covering, box, or sheath: as, a 
case for knives ; a case for books ; a wateh-ctwe ; 
a pillow-caw. Specifically 2f. A quiver. 
The arwes in the caati 
Of the goddesse clatren faste and rynge. 
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1500. 
3. The skin of an animal; in her., the skin of 
a beast displayed with the head, feet, tail, etc. 
o. thou dissembling cub! what wilt thou be, 
When time hath sow'd a grizzle on thy caiel 
Shak., T. N., v. 1. 
Thus wise men 
Repair the hurts they take by a disgrace, 
And piece the lion's with the fox's cant. 
Fletcher, Beggars' Bush, ill. 1. 
4. The exterior portion of a building ; an outer 
coating for walls. 
The case of the holy house is nobly designed and exe- 
cuted by great masters. AMuon, Travels in Italy. 
6. A box and its con tents; hence, a quantity con- 
tained in a box. Specifically (a) Apair; aset. 
Pray thee, corporal, stay ; the knocks are too hot ; and 
for mine own part, I have not a case of lives. 
Shale., Hen. V., M. 2. 
Lictors, gag him ; do, 
And put a ca*e of vizards o'er his head. 
That he may look bifronted, as he speaks. 
B. Joiwon, Poetaster, v. 1. 
An inseparable case of coxcombs, . . . the Gemini, or 
twins of foppery. 
/?. JOIUHHI, Pref. to Every Man out of his Humour. 
(6) Among glaziers, 225 square feet of crown- 
glass; also, 120 feet of Newcastle or Normandy 
glass. 6. In priutiny, a shallow tray of wood 
divided by partitions into small boxes of differ- 
ent sizes, in which the characters of a font of 
printing-types are placed for the use of the 
compositor. The ordinary case is about Ifi inches wide, 
32 inches long, and has boxes 1 inch deep. Two forms of 
case are required for a full font of Roman type : the upper 
case (so called from its higher position on the inclined 
composing-frame), of 98 boxes, which contains the capitals, 
small capitals, reference-marks, fractions, and other types 
in small request ; and the lower cave, of 55 boxes of un- 
equal size, which contains the small-text types, spaces, and 
points most frequently required. The cases and Iwxes are 
arranged so that the types oftenest used are most easily 
reached by the compositor. For music, Greek, and He- 
brew, as well as for display or jobbing type, or for any font 
of printing-types that has more or fewer characters than 
those of Roman-text type, cases of special form are made. 
7. In bookbinding, a book-cover made separate- 
ly from the book it is intended to inclose. 8. 
A triangular sac or cavity in the right side of 
the nose and upper portion of the head of a 
sperm-whale, containing oil and spermaceti, 
which are together called head-matter. 9. 
In milit. engin., a square or rectangular frame 
made from four pieces of plank joined at the 
corners, used (in juxtaposition to similar frames) 
to form a lining for a gallery or branch. 10. 
In loam-moldiny, the outer portion of a mold. 
Also called cope. 11. In porcelain-making, 
same as segi/ar. 12. Milit., same as case-shot. 
13. In mining, a fissure through which water 
finds its way into a mine. [Cornwall. Rarely 
used.] 14. The wooden frame in which a 
door is hung. Also called casing. 15. The 
wall surrounding a staircase. Also called casing. 
