chandelier 
2. In fort., a movable parapet, serving to sup- 
port fascines to cover pioneers. 3f. A tallow- 
chandler. Kersey, 1708. 
chandelier-tree (shau-de-ler'tre), . The Pan- 
danus candelabrum of tropical Africa: so named 
on account of its mode of branching. 
chandla(chand'la), n. [Hind, f hand/a, < chdiid, 
the moon.] In India, a small circular orna- 
ment worn by women on the forehead, between 
the eyes. It may be of metal or fine stone, or 
merely a mark made with an unguent or cos- 
metic. 
chandler (chand'ler), . [< ME. chandelcr, 
chauiideler, a candle-seller, candle-maker, can- 
dlestick, < OF. chandelier, a candle-maker, also 
u candlestick, F. chandelier = Pr. candelier = 
OSp. candelero = It. candelajo, < ML. eandelti- 
riun, a candle -maker, also, as well as in fern. 
candelaria, a candlestick, orig. adj., < L. can- 
dela, a candle: see candle. The term tallow- 
chandler would orig. signify a person who sold 
candles made of tallow, as opposed to those 
made of wax, but chandler came to mean ' deal- 
er' in general: hence skip-chandler, q. v.] 1. 
One who makes or sells candles, or, formerly, 
torches. 
Sow speke I wylle a lytulle whyle 
Of tho clumdeler, with-outen gyle, 
That torches and tortes and preketes con make, 
Perchours, smale condel, I vnder-take ; 
Of wax these candels alle that brennen. 
Babees Bonk (E. E. T. S.), p. 326. 
The sack that thou hast drunken me would have bought 
me lights as good cheap at the dearest chandler's in 
Europe. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. :i. 
The chandler's basket, on his shoulder borne, 
With tallow spots thy coat. Gay, Trivia, ii. 40. 
2f. A huckster ; a dealer in provisions. 
Pizzacagnolo, a retailer, a regrater or huckster of all 
maner of victuals, as our chandlers be or our fruterers. 
Florio. 
3. In composition, a dealer ; a merchant : the 
particular application being determined by the 
other element of the compound : as, tallow- 
ehandter, ship-chandler, corn-chandler, etc. 4f. 
A candlestick. See chandelier. 
chaudlerly (chand'ler-li), a. [Early mod. E. 
also chaunlerly ; < chandler + -ly'-."] Pertaining 
to a chandler. [Bare.] 
To be taxt by the poul, to be scons't our head money, 
our tuppences in their Chaunlerly Shop-book of Easter. 
Milton, Reformation in Eng. , ii. 
chandlery (chand'ler-i), n. ; pi. chandleries 
(-iz). [Early mod. E. chaundtery, contr. chauit- 
dry (see chandry); < chandler + -ery,] 1. The 
commodities sold by a chandler. 2. A chan- 
dler's warehouse. 3. A store-room for can- 
dles. 
The Serjeant of the chandlery was ready at the same 
rhamber door to deliver the tapers. 
Strype, Memorials, Edw. VI., an. 1557. 
chandoo (chan-do"), n. [Malay.] Opium pre- 
pared for smoking. 
chandryt (chan'dri), n. [Early mod. E. chawi- 
dry, chaundrie ; contr. of chandlery. Cf. chan- 
cery for 'chancelri/.'] A place where candles 
are kept. 
One of the said groomes of the privy chamber to carry 
to the chaundrie all the remaine of morters, torches, 
quarries, pricketts, wholly and intirely, withoute imbes- 
seling or purloyning any parte thereof. 
Quoted in Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), Index. 
Torches from the chandry. 
B. Jotison, Masque of Augurs. 
chanet, . Another form of chan, now khan 1 . 
Thanne entren men ajen in to the Loud of the grete 
Chane. Mandemlle, Travels, p. 211. 
chanfreint, Same as chamfron. 
chanfrin (ehan'friu), . [See chamfron.'] 1. 
The fore part of a horse's head. 2. Same as 
chamfron. 
chanfron (chan'fron), n. Same as chamfron. 
chang 1 (chang), n. [E. dial. ; an imitative word ; 
cf. chank 1 , channerl, and clang.'} The humming 
noise of the conversation of a great number of 
persons, or the singing of birds. 
Then doubly sweet the laverock sang, 
Wi' smiling sweets the cowslips sprang, 
And all the grove in gladsome chang 
Their joy confessed. 
J. Stagg, Cumberland Ballads. 
chang 2 (chang), . [Chinese.] A Chinese mea- 
sure of length, equal to 10 chih (called by for- 
eigners feet), or about llf English feet. See 
chih. 
change (chanj), v. ; pret. and pp. changed, ppr. 
changing. [Early mod. E. also chaunge, < ME. 
changen, chaungen, < OF. changier, changer, F. 
changer = Pr. cambiar, camjar = Sp. Pg. cam- 
920 
binr = It. cnmbiare, cangiare, < ML. cambiare, 
extended form of LL. cambire, change, ex- 
change ; whence also cambiall, cambium^, etc. 
The f orm change is in part an abbr. of exchange : 
see exchange.'] I. trans. 1. To substitute an- 
other thing or things for ; shift ; cause to be 
replaced by another : as, to change the clothes, 
or one suit of clothes for another; to cltiini/i- 
one's position. 
Be clean, and change your garments. Gen. xxxv. 2. 
Persons grown up in the belief of any religion, cannot 
change that for another without applying their under- 
standing duly to consider and compare both. South. 
Siincho Punza am I, unless I was chawied in the cradle. 
Cervantes, Don Quixote (trans.), II. ii. IS. 
Specifically 2. To give or procure an equiva- 
lent for in smaller parts of like kind ; make or 
get change for : said of money : as, to change 
a bank-note (that is, to give or receive coins 
or smaller notes in exchange for it). 
He called me aside, and requested I would change him 
a twenty-pound bill. Goldsmith. 
Here, my honest Rowley, here, get me this changed di- 
rectly, and take a hundred pounds of it immediately to 
old Stanley. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 1. 
3. To give and take reciprocally; barter; ex- 
change. 
Amintor, we have not enjoy'd our friendship of late, 
For we were wont to change our souls in talk. 
Beau, aiid FL, Maid's Tragedy, iii. 2. 
Those thousands with whom thou would'st not . . . 
change thy fortune and condition. 
Jer. Taylor, Holy Living. 
Here stood a wretch, prepared to change 
His soul's redemption for revenge. 
Scott, Rokeby, iii. 9. 
But if you speak with him that was my son, 
Or change a word with her he calls hia wife, 
My home is none of yours. Tennyson, Dora. 
4. To cause to turn or pass from one state to 
another ; alter or make different ; vary in ex- 
ternal form or in essence : as, to change the color 
or shape of a thing ; to change countenance. 
With charities & enchantmens sche chaunged my sone 
In-to a wilde werwolf. 
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4104. 
Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his 
spots ? Jer. xiii. 23. 
Changes will befall, and friends may part, 
But distance only cannot change the heart. 
Cowper, Epistle to J. Hill. 
5. To render acid or tainted ; turn from a nat- 
ural state of sweetness and purity: as, the 
wine is changed; thunder and lightning are 
said to change milk. To change a horse, or to 
Change hand, in the manege, to turn or bear the horse's 
head from one hand to the other, from the left to the right 
or from the right to the left. To Change color. See color. 
To change facet, to blush. To change hands. See 
hand. To change one's coat. See coat. To change 
one's mind, to after one's opinions, plans, or purposes. 
To change one's tune. See tune. 
II. intrans. 1. To be altered; undergo vari- 
ation ; be partially or wholly transformed : as, 
men sometimes change for the better, often for 
the worse. 
And thus Descendyd we come to the botome of the Vale 
of Josophat and begynnyth the Vale of Siloe, And they 
I loth be but on vale, but the name Chaungeth. 
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 27. 
I am the Lord, I change not. Mai. iii. 6. 
The face of brightest heaven had changed 
To grateful twilight. Milton, P. L., v. 644. 
All things must change 
To something new, to something strange. 
Longfellow, Keramos. 
2. To pass from one phase to another, as the 
moon : as, the moon will change on Friday. 
3. To become acid or tainted, as milk, 
change (chanj), . [< ME. change, chaunge, < 
OF. change, canje, F. change = Pr. camje, cambi 
= Sp. Pg. It. cambio, It. also cangio (obs.), < 
ML. cauwium, change ; from the verb. In some 
senses, as 9, 10, 11, short for exchange, q. v.] 
1. Any variation or alteration in form, state, 
quality, or essence ; a passing from one state or 
form to another: as, a change of countenance 
or of aspect ; a change of habits or principles. 
Your thoughts are woven 
With thousand changes in one subtle web, 
And worn so by you. Beau, and Ft., Philaster, iii. 2. 
Whatever lies 
In earth, or flits in air, or fills the skies, 
All suffer change, and we, that are of soul 
And body mixed, are members of the whole. 
Dryden, Pythagorean Philos., 1. 672. 
2. Specifically (a) The passing from life to 
death; death. 
All the days of my appointed time will I wait, till my 
change come. Job xiv. 14. 
She labour'd to compose herselfe for the blessed chang? 
which she now expected. Evelyn, Diary, 1635. 
change 
(6) In cuatlicfi, the mutation of the male voice 
at puberty, whereby the soprano or alto of the 
boy is replaced by the tenor or bass of the man. 
(c)"ln harmony, a modulation or transition from 
one key or tonality to another. 3. Variation 
or variableness in general ; the quality or con- 
dition of being unstable ; instability ; transi- 
tion ; alteration : as, all things are subject to 
change ; change is the central fact of existence. 
Change threatens them [existing institutions], modifies 
them, eventually destroys tin-in ; la-iK-e to change they are 
uniformly opposed. //. Ki^ncfr, Soi-ial statics, p. 37X. 
4. A passing from one thing to another in suc- 
cession; the supplanting of one thing by an- 
other in succession : as, a change of seasons or 
of climate ; a change of scene. 
Our fathers did, for change, to France repair. Drjiden. 
Change was life to them. 
William Morrif, Earthly Paradise, III. 163. 
Men stupefy themselves by staying all day in their 
shops or counting-rooms. Every human being needs H 
change, and God has meant that a part of our life shall 
be spent out of doors. J. F. Clarice, Self-Culture, p. 121. 
5. The beginning of a new monthly revolu- 
tion ; the passing from one phase to another: as, 
a change of the moon (see below). 6. Altera- 
tion in the order of a series; permutation; spe- 
cifically, in bell-rini/ini/, any arrangement or 
sequence of the bells of a peal other than the 
diatonic. See change-ringing. 
Four bells admit twenty-four changes in ringing. 
Holder, Eleni. of Speech. 
7. Variety; novelty. 
The mind 
Of desultory man, studious of change, 
And pleased with novelty. 
Cowper, Task, The Sofa, 1. 506. 
Perhaps you would like a kidney instead of a devil? It 
would be a little change. Disraeli, Henrietta Temple, xx. 
8. That which makes a variety or may be sub- 
stituted for another: as, "thirty change of gar- 
ments," Judges xiv. 12, 13. 9. Money of the 
lower denominations given in exchange for 
larger pieces. 
Wood buys up our old halfpence, and from thence the 
present want of change arises. >'"/". 
10. The balance of money returned after de- 
ducting the price of a purchase from the sum 
tendered in payment. 1 1 . A place where mer- 
chants and others meet to transact business; 
a building appropriated for mercantile trans- 
actions: in this sense an abbreviation of ex- 
change, and often now written 'change. 
The bar, the bench, the 'change, the schools, and the 
pulpit, are full of quacks, jugglers, and plagiaries. 
Sir A L' Estrange. 
A country-fellow distinguishes himself as much in the 
church-yard as a citizen does upon the Change, the whole 
parish-politics being generally discussed in that place 
either after sermon or before the bell rings. 
Addieon, Sir Roger at Church. 
12+. Exchange: as, " maintained the change of 
words," Shak., Much Ado, iv. 1. 
Give us a prince of blood . . . 
In change of him. Shak., T. and C., iii. 3. 
13. A public house ; a change-house. [Scotch.] 
They call an ale-house a change, and think a man of 
good family suffers no diminution of his gentility to keep 
it. Burt. 
14f. A round in dancing. 
In our measure vouchsafe but one change. 
Shak., L. L. L., v. 2. 
15f. In hunting, the mistaking of a stag met 
by chance for the one pursued. Kersey, 1708. 
Book of changes, one of the five classics of the Chinese. 
It is called Yin-kimj by the Chinese, and consists of 64 
short essays, based on 64 hexagrams, and embodies, or is 
supposed to embody, a system of moral, social, and politi- 
cal philosophy. (See hexagram.) The text is supposed to 
have been composed by WDn Wang, about 1150 B. C. It 
is accompanied by commentaries called the "ten wings," 
said to have been added by Confucius. Change Of life, 
the constitutional disturbance attending the final cessa- 
tion in females of the menstrual discharge and the power 
of child-bearing. It occurs between the fortieth and fif- 
tieth years of life. Also called climacteric epoch and meno- 
pause. 
In the most healthily constituted individuals the change 
of life expresses itself by some loss of vigour. 
Encyc. Brit., XIII. 102. 
Change Of the moon, the coming of the moon to quad- 
rature or opposition with the sun : also used more gener- 
ally to include the coming of a new moon. Change-ra- 
tio, the number by which a certain quantity must be mul- 
tiplied to change it from a system involving one set of 
units to another involving a different set: thus, a velocity 
expressed in miles per hour may be reduced to feet per 
second by multiplying it by the change-ratio j^rire O1 ' 
f?. Chemical change. See chemical. Chops and 
changes. See chop?. Secular change, a change re- 
quiring many years to run its course. To put the change 
on or upon*, to trick ; mislead ; deceive ; humbug. 
I have pitt the change upon her that she may be other- 
wise employed. Congreve, Double Dealer, v. 17. 
